Essay on Beauty

An omnipresent characteristic, beauty has stolen the eyes of today's youth. As every body knows that inner beauty is considered to be more important than outer beauty. Though, it's obvious that inner beauty is the need of humanity, yet the younger generation nowadays, tend to they waste too much of their precious time on outer beauty rather than inner beauty. This matter is considered to be one of the main problems in our society. I want to discuss a part of them base on what I knew.

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First of all, I want to ask, what is inner beauty? Each of us has a different definition of it. In general, inner beauty is a quality of mind, strong spirit, talent and generosity of a person. He/she could give to his/her peer pleasure, good time in communication. One always takes the initiative in conversations and solving problems. One could lead their friends to do the right thing. For example in my English class, there are some of my friends are African; they know the possessions very well. They are smart, usually give suggestions and answer the teacher's question before the rest of class. So it is their inner beauty. And my best teacher, he is African too and looks very simple. He is very good teacher. He gives extra help to his students anytime during school day including his lunch time and two to three hours after school every day. He treats his students as good as his own children. Every one likes him. For a person uneducated, we could see inner beauty in his/her actions such as gentle, helping another, none of greedy, and none of stealing and honestly-example my uncle in china, although his family is poor, but he never steals or cheats anyone money. Those are sample to show that the inner beauty is the need of humanity. Beside the inner beauty, outer beauty is topic considered, it has greater affection.

How is outer beauty affected to a person? People think that once they are beautiful, their friends, their companions will accept them easily. Indeed, it is true. Every one is absorbed by the outer beauty. It is good impression on the first look. Example, the guys always look for the girls beauty first of all, and the girls are same too. If a girl has uneducated or not smart, rude but she is beautiful, there are still many guys want her. And if the guy is a bad person, but he has good looking, so the girls still like him. In addition, a person has outer beauty is look like an easy person, and friendly to talk. But the first impression is not usually right when we want to value a person. If the person just have outer beauty, they are easy to get forget after that. So inner beauty and outer beauty has their useful. Nowadays, they are not balance anymore.

The Youth today, they run too much for the outer beauty and left behind the inner beauty. In the developed country like Canada, high living standards, they make up and update fashion. Aesthetic is popular. Ugly could change to beautiful easily. Entertainment is high-tech. The clubs is preferred. The Youth just run for update. The time goes so fast, the people don''t pay attention and have no time to find out the inner beauty of their friend. We have independent, some time it makes a person be meant if too much independent, they don't care another. There are some one said that "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". It means the inner beauty is getting forgotten in this society. True beauty is no longer matters in anyone's eyes. It warns to the parents that should what out their children, lead them into the inner beauty like study hard, be a good person rather than just run for out side look like clothes, high-tech equipments.

Those are my opinions about the true beauty. I want to remain that Inner beauty and outer has own their world of useful. But the Youth today, they run too much for the outer beauty and left behind the inner beauty. It is not good. Beside that there are many people they want to improve their inner although they have outer beauty. If a person has inner and outer beauty, he/she is a perfect person. We should discuss and show the true beauty to each other. We should look deeper in our self to find out is it true? As Buddha said "should look at your peer such as a living Skeleton." Buddha was a king; he left his kingdom to be a monk. He wanted to find out the topnotch of inner beauty.

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Term Paper on GPS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Global Positioning System (GPS), comprised of three integral segments, is one of the newest and most efficient forms of locating a global position. It was developed by the United States of American department of Defense (DoD) for military purposes. Since its creation it has developed many different uses. The three distinct segments are the user, space, and control segments. This report will explain what each of these segments entail with an emphasis on how they work together to provide the user with a GPS position.

The Global Positioning System is a large system of satellites that orbit the earth. These satellites transmit signals that are received by the user. The user to find a precise position on the earth then processes the signals. All sorts of people for all kinds of reasons use GPS. They could be military reasons, for example using GPS to aim a missile. GPS is used in vehicle navigation whether that be a plane, automobile, or boat. Land surveyors also use it since it can now produce sub-centimetre accuracy.

The report will discuss the three segments of GPS, the user, space, and control segments. These three segments are all so intertwined that each would be useless on its own.

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CHAPTER 2
THE THREE SEGMENTS OF GPS
GPS is a system of Satellites surrounding the earth. It is used to obtain accurate three-dimensional positions on the earth's surface. GPS can be divided into three separate segments; the user, space, and control segment. The user segment is made up of those who use GPS and the receivers they use. They consist of the military users, land surveyors, recreational users, and many more. The satellites orbiting around the earth make up the space segment. Thirdly, the control segment is the five monitor stations located around the world.

This chapter will then take a look at the three segments of GPS. The user, space, and control segments can be found in section 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 respectively.

2.1 User Segment
Anyone who uses GPS and the receivers they use make up the user segment of GPS. GPS has a very wide range of users. The list of users runs from the United States military to professional users, such as land surveyors, all the way to recreational users. Although originally intended for military use the number of civilian users far out numbers the military users. Each different user has different needs when it comes to uses and accuracy. A land surveyor for instance may need sub-centimetre level measurements while a recreational boater would only need positions accurate two under 20 metres to find out the best possible route to a previous marked good fishing area. Although each user has various uses for GPS the receiver is the basic element of the user segment and they all work on similar principles. This chapter contains a basic run though about how a GPS works.

A GPS receiver is very complex and its operation and how it works is far from simple but is basically works as follows. A GPS receiver obtains signals sent from a system of satellites, which orbit around the earth (the space segment) to triangulate a position on earth. A GPS receiver determines the distance from satellites, known distances away, by calculating the time it takes a signal sent from the satellite to the receiver.

Although this sounds simple enough GPS uses some of today's most complicated technology. Assuming that the satellites position in space is known then the distance from one satellite limits the receivers position to somewhere on a three dimensional sphere with a radius of the distance from that satellite. If you add another satellite than you further reduce the position of the receiver to some where on the circle formed by the intersection of two spheres. If a third satellite is added that limits the receiver's position to one of two points. One of the points is extraneous, i.e. will be located off in space, hence you can obtain a three dimensional position using three satellites (see Figure 2.1). More satellites are preferable to add redundancy to the data and to eliminate any errors as well as the extraneous measurements. To determine the distance from the satellite in space to the receiver located on the earth a radio signal is sent from the satellite. The signals are coded by time so that when the receiver receives the signal it compares it with the signal being produced by the receiver. The offset in these two signals will determine how long it took this signal to reach the receiver. The radio signals travel at the speed of light, approximately 300,000 kilometres per second, multiplied by the time it took the signal to reach the receiver equals the distance from the satellite to the receiver [Logsdon, 1992]. The Satellites have atomic clocks to help keep very accurate time but they are too expensive to be found in simple receiver. This can prove to be a problem because measuring the time it takes the radio signal to reach the receiver requires incredibly accurate time. For example, the radio signal travels at approximately 300,000 kilometres per hour and a timing error of one hundredth of a second would cause a positioning error of 300 kilometres [Hurn, 1989]. This problem can be solved by an extra distance measurement taken from and additional satellite. In theory three measurements can locate a point in three dimensional space but a fourth measurement is needed to correct for the imperfections in the timing, as long as the time offset is consistent.

2.2 The Space Segment
The Space segment is made up of a system of at least 24 satellites orbiting the earth (see Figure 2.2). The number of satellites fluctuates as old satellites are taken out of orbit and new satellites are placed into orbit. Each satellite orbits around the earth approximately two times in a 24-hour period. The average satellite orbit is 20,183 kilometres above the earth [Logsdon, 1992]. The satellites orbits are strategically designed so at any given time and at any given place on the earth there will be sufficient coverage of at least four satellites. The space segment can alter the trajectories of the satellites in order to obtain increased coverage over a certain area. For example, the United States may wish to have better coverage over the Middle East during their current war with Iraq. They would do this so they can aim their missiles with increased accuracy.

The satellites have wing like solar panels protruding from either side of the satellite (see Figure 2.3). The solar panels are movable and are positioned so that they are constantly perpendicular to the suns rays [Logsdon, 1992]. There are antenna fixed to the lower edge and they are always pointed towards earth.

As previously mentioned in the section 2.1 the user segment uses the time it takes the satellites signal to obtain a distance measurement. In order to ensure near perfect timing, the satellites come equipped with four atomic clocks. An atomic clock uses the vibration frequencies of atoms to accurately keep time. Although even these high tech clock experience some drift due to the effects of hurling through the atmosphere. The clocks are allowed to drift up to one millisecond until the control segment corrects them. These clocks are very expensive and cost around one hundred thousand dollars apiece [Van Sickle, 1996].

2.3 The Control Segment
The stations located at various positions around the globe make up what is called the control segment. Their purpose is to monitor and maintain the space segment constantly. Since the United States created GPS for their use the DoD is what makes up the control segment.

There is one master station and four other stations located around the world. The master station is located in the United States twelve miles east of Colorado Springs, Colorado, at the Falcon Air Force Base [Shank, 1999]. The other four stations are spread out around the world near the equator. They are located in Hawaii, Ascension, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein (see Figure 2.4). The responsibility of these stations is to monitor the satellites positions and atomic clocks. The control segment is also responsible for the replacement old satellites and launching new ones.

In order for the user segment to obtain an accurate GPS position the user segment must be able to determine the exact position of the satellite in space. Determining the location of a satellite that orbits around the earth at an average of 20,183 kilometres above the earth is another matter altogether [Logsdon, 1992]. The fact that the satellites are actually that high above the earth is a benefit. They are high enough that they are well clear of the earth's atmosphere so their orbit is easily predicted with a large accuracy. To ensure near perfection the control segment constantly monitors the satellites to make sure that they are following their orbit. As the satellites orbit over one of the control stations, the control segment precisely measures their altitude, position, and speed for any variations called "ephemeris" errors. The errors are usually minor and are caused by such things as pressure of solar radiation and gravitational pull from the sun and moon. As stated in section 2.3 the atomic clocks time tends to drift slightly. Instead of constantly correcting the atomic clocks of each satellite their time is constantly monitored by the control segment and their error is transmitted to the receiver on earth, this is known as the broadcast clock correction. Both the ephemeris and timing errors are then sent up to the satellite, which in turn broadcasts these minor corrections to the user segment.

CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY
The Global Positioning system can be broken down into three separate categories. They comprise of the user, space, and control segment. The user segment is made up of all those who use GPS and the receivers they use. The kinds of receivers vary as much as the different kinds of users but all receivers work on basically the same principles.

Receiving signals from the space segment and using these signals to obtain a global position is the basic function of the user segment. It finds a position by determining how long it takes the signals, from at least three different satellites, to reach the receiver. It then multiplies the time it took the signal to reach the receiver by the speed of the signal.

A large system, around 24 satellites orbiting the earth, comprises the space segment. These satellites send the signals to the user segment. The satellites orbit around the earth approximately twice a day. They are positioned so that you can receive signals from at least four satellites at almost any given time and place. Accurate time is a key element in GPS positioning so each satellite is equipped with four atomic clocks. The satellite signals sent contain timing information as well as the clock and ephmeris corrections.

The control segment constantly monitors and maintains the satellites. This segment is owned and operated by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). They have a master control station and four other stations located thought out the world.

The control segment monitors the position of the satellites and the satellites atomic clock and broadcast corrections to the satellites. These corrections are then sent out in the satellites signals. These three segments all work together simultaneously to form what is now called GPS.

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Term Paper on Food

The first and probably most important area on the topic of globalisation and food is the issue of food policy and food security. It is believed that the vast inequalities between the rich and the poor of this world have strong links to way both developing and developed countries manage, or are forced to manage, their food resources. Two documents are of particular interest to the debate as to what is to blame for the increased inequality mentioned. A recent Oxfam report states that "the problem is not that international trade is inherently opposed to the needs and interests of the poor, but that the rules that govern it are rigged in favour of the rich"(Fowler, 2003:2). This point is validated by the fact that "when developing countries export to rich country markets, they face tariff barriers that are four times higher than those encountered by rich countries. Those barriers cost them $100bn a year - twice as much as they receive in aid" (Fowler, 2003:2). The report claims that while rich countries impose such tariffs, the poorer countries are pressurised by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to open their markets at breakneck speed, often with damaging consequences. The other key document I looked at was an article by Bonnie Setiawan, which was submitted to the International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development. Setiawan blames globalisation and import liberalisation for the current crisis in developing countries. Her key point is that "this liberalisation of foodstuffs is the treatment of foodstuffs and agriculture as industrial products which are traded freely like manufactured goods. As the United Nations once said, food becomes a commodity, instead of a human right; it becomes part of free trade and the free market" (Setiawan, 2001:1-2). Setiawan goes on to show what import liberalisation has done to Indonesia. "Data from the World Trade Organisation shows that we (Indonesia) have become the world's largest rice importer, with 5.8 tons in the fiscal year of 1998/1999 hence absorbing some 25 % of the world's rice trade. Earlier, Indonesia ranked as the world's ninth highest rice exporter and was also self-sufficient in regards to rice" (Setiawan, 2001:1-2). As Hartwig de Haen correctly states the countries that will not be able to compete in this expanded market, for example, those with non-modernised agricultural systems, are the ones for which agriculture is still the backbone of their economies (de Haen, 2001:1). This is why food policy needs to be better managed so as to stop export dumping by rich countries and to give developing countries a chance to develop. The relevance of this is that though we claim to understand very few people really get that millions of people are starving and suffering. It also seems that the problems could be solved not with everybody donating twenty euro to Concern or Trocaire but with are few changes in policy.

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Globalisation and it's relationship with food also effects us closer to home. It has given us fast, convenient food. But it has also lead, in my opinion, to the eliminating of national eating habits, lack of quality (in 2001 a poll by Restaurants and Institutions found that the lowest quality food in any major hamburger chain was found in McDonalds) and poor jobs. Firstly, I will look at the effect that the globalised food industry has had on jobs. The McDonalds chain is, with doubt, the king of fast food. According to Eric Schlosser they are responsible for 90% of America's new jobs and "it is estimated that one out of every eight workers in the United States has at some point been employed by McDonalds" (Schlosser, 2002:4). McDonalds are also widely credited with the creation of the throwaway "McJob" which was defined by international trade unionist Dan Gallin as "a low skill, low pay, high stress, exhausting and unstable job" (Klein, 2001:237). The strict regimentation at fast food restaurants creates standardised products (Burger Kingstaff are instructed on the ideal thickness of each french fry, 0.28 inches thick). This in turn gives fast food companies an enormous amount of power over their employees. Jobs that have been "de-skilled" can be filled cheaply. The need to retain any individual worker is greatly reduced by the ease with which he or she can be replaced. In Britain, there was the McLibel case in which two Greenpeace activists were taken to court for criticising McDonalds employment practices. Though they were found guilty on several counts the judge did concede that "the allegation that McDonalds pays it's workers low wages, helping to depress wages for workers in the catering trade in Britain has been proven to be true"(Klein, 2001:237). In Ireland, more recently, we saw Supermacs fined for making under 18 year olds work later than ten o-clock on a school night. Fast food outlets also pioneered the casualisation of labour which spread across the service industry as a whole and even further. As Klein sees it almost every major labour battle of the decade has focused on the issue of enforced casualisation "from the United Parcel workers" stand against "part-time America" to the unionised Australian dockworkers fighting their replacement by contract workers.All these stories are about different industries doing variations on the same thing: finding ways to cut ties to their workforce and travel light"(Klein, 2001:237). I think the issue of casualisation is extremely relevant at the moment with most companies implementing it. From a personal viewpoint, I have been working at the Eurospar supermarket for nearly two years and have seen these changes take place. The average shift has been cut to four hours. The middle aged managerial staff have been replaced by teenagers and people in their earlier twenties. These employees often think they're just passing through and they normally don't have families of their own to take care of so they can be paid less and they don't require the benefits a middle aged person often would. Another thing that Eurospar has in common with the major fast food outlets is it's fear of unionisation. Eric Schlosser gives numerous accounts of various McDonalds outlets closing just as unionisation seemed imminent e.g. St. Hubert, Montreal 1997. Lansing, Michigan 1972. Schlosser concludes his series of accounts by saying "As of this writing, none of the workers at the roughly fifteen thousand McDonald's in North America is represented by a union" (Schlosser, 2002:77).

The issue of national eating habits is fairly straight forward and it fits in with one of the main criticisms of globalisation: it erodes national and even regional cultures. With fast food outlets it's the same menu and the same ingredients no matter which corner of the globe you find yourself in. Although now and again you may see the Greek kebab special in favourite major fast food outlet, this is just assimilated culture, it drags it into mass culture and it becomes no longer specific to anything except in a harmless, stereotypical fashion. Klein sums it up when she says "Despite the embrace of polyethnic imagery, market-driven globalisation doesn't want diversity; quite the opposite. It's enemies are national habits, local brands and distinctive regional tastes" (Klein, 2001:129). Fast food outlets use approaches to retailing like clustering {setting up many franchises in the area until all competition (or choice) is pretty much defeated} or big-box (a big store in a key location). These major fast food outlets have the money to outbid for space and supplies, to drive down prices and even to keep them artificially high. Although independent restaurants can and do thrive it is normally in the high-end, specialty role. This leaves it to the major outlets, as we have seen in America and the bigger European countries, to blanket cities, towns and suburbs with self-replicating clones. The relevance of this to Ireland, I believe, is not so much that we will have McDonalds and Burger Kings in all the suburbs but that almost everyone in the food business is adopting the McDonalds approach. Look at the local 24 hour garage and the Hot counter in your local supermarket, all mini-McDonalds with little choice, poorly paid staff and they are spreading and expanding. Globalisation has influenced food production but with it's need for increased efficiency it has lead to shortcuts being taken. This is particularly dangerous with regards to beef products. According to Schlosser 'the meatpacking system that arose to supply the nation's (America) fast food chains - an industry molded to serve their needs, to provide massive amounts of uniform ground beef so that all of McDonald's hamburgers would taste the same - has proved to be an extremely efficient system for spreading disease" (Schlosser, 2002:77). He goes on refer to a nationwide survey in 1996 that found that 7.5% of ground beef samples taken at processing plants were contaminated with Salmonella, 11.7% with Listeria monocytogenes (which proves fatal in one out of five cases), 30% with Staphylococcus aureus and 53.3% with Clostridium perfringens. (Schlosser, 2002). A unnamed government health official told Eric Schlosser that the sanitary conditions in a modern feedlot were easily comparable to the to those in a crowded European city during the Middle Ages, "when people dumped their chamber pots out the window, raw sewage ran in the streets, and epidemics raged" (Schlosser, 2002:201). The problem of lack of quality safe food and the throwaway job link up according to Dr. Patricia Griffin, one of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's leading experts. "We place our lives in their hands in the same way we entrust our lives to the training of airline pilots" (Schlosser, 2002:222). Griffin worries that a low-paid, unskilled workforce composed of teenagers and recent immigrants may not always be familiar with proper food handling procedures. Couple this with the lack of training received and the low prestige and just passing through nature of the job and we see this needs serious attention. Just to hit home the point, food poisoning does not just mean some vomiting and a slight case of diarrhea, in the last eight years in the United States approximately half a million people have been made ill, thousands have been hospitalised and hundreds have died due food poisoning incidents(Schlosser, 2002). The relevance of this hardly needs to be stated but this is not just confined to America, a girl I know returned in a critical state from Spain after eating at a McDonalds and is now short one kidney. When people go abroad they sometimes are unsure where to go and eat, the above incidents make the "at least you know what you're getting at McDonalds" attitude seem laughable.

Finally, there is the cost-cutting and time-saving "developments" that have been made in food production so as to make the most out of the worldwide market. Agriculture in America and in Europe relies less and less on raw materials and more so on non-renewable chemicals. According to Bonnie Setiawan, in the U.S. 75% of all processed food has high artificial content e.g. orange juice with little orange content, sausages with less and less sausage meat. Setiawan also raises an interesting point when looking at the genetically modified food craze. "Almost half of the patents on "GM Foods" are controlled by 14 large corporations with patents in staples: rice, wheat, soybeans, corn, potatoes and sorghum the monopolisation allowed by the control of such technology would lead to the need for all farmers of corn, soybean or rice to buy from the firms involved - meaning unlimited markets and extraordinary profits" (Setiawan, 2001:1-2). This is distinct possibility with the influence of globalisation constantly telling us food is a commodity that can produced quicker and cheaper and sold everywhere for any price they deem fit.

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Term Paper on Female Foeticide

In India, welfare measures like empowerment of women, reservation in Parliament, free education to girl child and a lot of other woman progressive initiative, do not make sense when we look at cases of female foeticide. There are only 933 females for every 1000 males against global figure of 1060 females per 1000 males. Sex ratio is a composite indicator of woman's status in a society. If we analyse state wise sex ratio, it is most disturbing to note that the States like Punjab and Haryana which are among the prosperous states of India, female-male ratio is continuously declining.

Female Foeticide, is violation of right a basic human right and guarantee under the constitution In the case of female foeticide, the female children in the wombs of expecting mothers, they are not only denied the right to live but are robbed to their right to be born. The selection of male child over female is enough proof for lack of right to birth to girl child. Social, cultural, financial and psychological reasons are responsible for the prevalence of evil female foeticide in our society.

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Unfortunately, it became popular for sex determination, leading to sex selective abortions for those who do not want to be burdened with female child.

The more easy way was shown by Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 by legalising abortions in certain specific conditions and ultimately became a tool for female sex-selective abortions and led to drastic fall in the female sex ratio to present level. Male child preference is a pivotal factor in female foeticide. The normative preference for the male child emanates from gender typed roles, male inheritance and decadency. In our society people think that male child brings social status for them. All religions have legitimized gender inequalities and accorded an inferior status to women. Manu, the Hindu Law Giver, denied autonomy to women, and advised that women should be guarded day and night. Science has made this a less messy procedure through female foeticide.

Dowry system is also crucial in preventing the birth of a girl child. [for sex determination test and abortion], than to give birth to female child and spend five lacs for her marriage. Girl child is treated as a bird of passage, a guest in her own parent's house. Small family norm is also responsible for female foeticide. Middle class families prefer norm of two-child family. Decrease in family size ensured the survival of male child at the cost of female child. This norm has displaced the girl child.

The practice of sex determination followed by abortion in case of female child is not only illegal but constitutes a criminal offence. It was proposed to prohibit pre-natal diagnostic techniques for determination of sex of foetus for the purpose of female foeticide. Such abuse of scientific technique was found discriminatory against female sex and also affecting the dignity and status of women. Law alone cannot stop the social evil of female foeticide.The present study reveals that girl child is proving an enormously endangered species. The gravity of problem demands immediate measures to combat female foeticide.

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Term Paper on Greek Methogoly

In Greece and Asia Minor around 1200 B.C.E. (before Christ existed) there was a common belief in a group of deities called the Olympians. There were twelve Olympians who were immortals (Encyclopedia of World Mythology, 128). All of the Olympians ruled special fields of the world. They all had special powers. The Greek myths have survived four hundred years of changes, finally to become authentic. The reason the myths lasted so long was because there were so many followers. If people did not believe in the myths, then it would be as if they never existed. The Olympians did not punish the pursuit of knowledge. Beauty, poetry, and creativity were considered the bodies of the immortals (Origins of Greek Mythology, Internet). The Greeks created myths to explain the unknown and free them from their fears. There was another group of gods called the Titans. The Titans were also known as the elder gods. They ruled the world before the Olympians overthrew them. The ruler of the Titans was Coronus. The Titans were thought to be very strong. There was a war between the Titans and the Olympians. The Titans lost and were banned to Hades deepest cave Tartarus. Greek mythology was said to be written by Homer (Mcleish, 229). Greek mythology emphasizes the weakness of humans. It was a combination of religions. Greeks did not always worship Greek gods, the sometimes-worshiped foreign gods. It consisted of Gods, Goddess, Hero's, and many creatures to explain things that people did not understand and things they were afraid of.

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In Greek Mythology there were many important gods and goddess's. The Greeks focused on two main groups, Olympians and Titans. The Olympians consisted of twelve gods and goddesses (Encyclopedia of World Mythology, 128). The first Olympian god was Zeus. Zeus was the son of Kronos and Rhea. He was raised in secret so his father would not swallow him. Zeus father swallowed all of his other brothers and sisters. When Zeus got older, he kicked his father in the stomach. When Zeus kicked him his father threw up all of the other children. Zeus overthrew his father and took over. After overthrowing his father, Zeus married his older sister Hera. Hera was very jealous and did not like her husband's affairs (Zeus, Internet). Hera was also an Olympian goddess. She was the queen of Heaven and the goddess of marriage (Hera, Internet). The Olympian, Artemis, was the sister of Apollo and the Daughter of Zeus. She was immune to the enchantments of Aphrodite. This immunity enabled her to stay a virgin (Artemis, Internet). Aphrodite was the goddess of love, beauty, and sexual rapture. She is one of the most well known goddess's today. She was the daughter of Zeus. Zeus was afraid that the gods would fight over her, so he married her off to the smith god, Hephaistos. Hephaistos made beautiful jewels for her and when she wore them, no one could resist her. Hephaistos thought that the jewels would keep Aphrodite with him and not make others more attracted to her. Aphrodite had many sons. Not all of her sons were by her husband (Aphrodite, Internet). The war god Ares was also in love with Aphrodite and would always give her beautiful gifts (Ares, Internet). Hephaistos was also an Olympian god. He was the son of Hera. He was called the god of smith. He made many lighting bolts for Zeus. He caught his wife Aphrodite with Apollo. He took the two to the other Olympians and was paid for their adultery (Hephaistos, Internet). Apollo was the Olympian god of light, healing, and archery. His twin sister was Artemis. His father was Zeus. Apollo would purify mortals who had committed immoral acts. When someone died without notice, it was said that Apollo had hit him or her with one of his arrows (Apollo, Internet). Hestia was the Olympian goddess of hearth. Her sacred flames would burn in many cities. Before and after eating, the Greeks would pray to her. She promised Zeus that she would remain a virgin (Hestia, Internet). Poseidon, the god of the sea was also known as the earth shaker. He was the brother of Zeus. He was also the horse god. Horses would be sacrificed in his honor (Poseidon, Internet). Demeter was the Olympian goddess of the harvest. She was the daughter of Kronos and Rhea. She was a very beautiful goddess. Her daughter, Persephone, was abducted by hades and held in the underworld. Zeus settled that her daughter could spend two thirds of the year with her mother and the other one third with her husband. It is said that the crops do not grow when Persephone is with her husband and not with Demeter (Demeter, Internet). The Olympian goddess, Athena, was very beautiful, but known as the grim goddess. She was the daughter of Zeus. Athena deprived Medusa of her charms and turned her into a monster. Peruses killed Medusa and cut off her head and gave it to Athena. She would use Medusas head to turn people to stone (Athena, Internet). The last Olympian god is Hermes. He was the messenger of the gods. He had winged sandals. His father was Zeus. He also guided Sould to the underworld (Hermes, Internet).

The second group that is focused on is the Titans. The Titans consisted of twelve gods and goddesses (Titans, Internet). The first Titan is Kronus. He was married to Rhea. He was the son of Heaven and Earth. He killed his father and took over. Every time a child was born of him, he swallowed it, until he was tricked by his wife and swallowed a stone instead of the child. She hid the child from him and it grew up to overthrow him (Kronus, Internet). The Titan goddess, Rhea, was the mother of the gods (Mcleish, 524). The Titan Oceanus was the god of the rivers. His father was Uranus (Heaven). He is the original water, which all the rivers and streams come from. Thetys, the daughter of Uranus was married to her brother Oceanus. They had three thousand daughters. The daughter of Uranus, Mnemosyne was the Titan goddess of memory. She had nine daughters with Zeus. If the dead drank from the well of Mnemosyne they would remember everything in their lives. The Titan goddess Themis was the goddess of law and justice. She always sat next to Zeus. Her and Zeus had one daughter together. The Titan goddess Theia was known as the goddess of sight. She also had plenty of gold and silver. She was married to Hyperion. She was the daughter of Uranus. Hyperion was the father of Helios, Selene, and Eos (In to Greece, Internet). The Titan Cirus married Eurbia. He had three children. His children were Astraios, Perses, and Pallas. He was the grandfather of the west wind, north wind, south wind, east wind, and all the stars. The Titan Lapetus was the father of Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Atlas. Coeus was the Titan god of Intelligence. He was also the father of Leto. The Titan goddess of the moon, Phoebe was the mother of Leto (Titans, Internet). All the Titans, Like the Olympians have special places in mythology.

There are other gods and goddess not a part of either the Olympians or the Titans. There was a god known as Pan. Pan means "all". His mother deserted him as a baby. He was the son of Mercury the Mischievous. He was the king of hunters, fishermen, and the lord of flocks, herds, and all the wild things of the forest. He was also the deity of the countryside. He was also the Shepard god of Arcadia. His appearance was that of a goat. He had goat feet and two horns. He was a lover of noise (Forbush, 99). The god Orion was the son of Neptune. He was very clumsy and strong. He was the earthborn child of Poseidon. Orion was the male figure in a number of fertility rites. His first love was Merope, the daughter of the king of the islands of Chios. Meropes father held her off from Orion and then Orion tried to steal her away. Orion was a hunter. He did most of his hunting with the huntress queen, Diana. Diana's brother Apollo objected to Orion and Diana. Apollo wanted to see how good Diana was at hunting. He told her to hit a speck in the water with her arrows. She hit the speck and then found out that is was Orion's head. She put Orion up in the heavens as one of the brightest stars in the most beautiful cluster of stars (Pinsent, 34). The Greek goddess and personification of the rainbow, Iris, was also a golden winged messenger of the gods. Pandora, which means "all-giving" was the first woman created by Zeus. She was originally an earth goddess. A king named Acrisius had a daughter named Danae. Danae had a baby named Perseus. Acrisius was so angry he put Danae and Peruses in a chest and threw them out into the sea. They floated safely to the island Seriphos where Polydects was king. The king's brother who was a fisherman caught the chest in his net. Peruses grew up there to become very strong. Polydects wanted to marry Danae but Peruses would not allow it. Polydects set up a plan to get rid of Peruses. He had a fake wedding and since Peruses was very poor he did not bring a gift. Polydect devised a plan for Peruses to make up not bringing a gift. He told Peruses to get the head of Medusa. Peruses agreed to the plan. Peruses successfully captured the head of Medusa and gave it to Polydect. Medusa was the eldest of three gorgons. She was known as the ruler. She was a terrible monster who was once beautiful and cherished her hair. The goddess Athena deprived her of her charms and turned her beautiful hair into hissing serpents. She then became very cruel. Anything that looked at Medusa would turn to stone (Medusa, Internet). The god Bellerophon was honored by the gods when he was young. He was the son of Eurynome. He wanted to capture the horse Pegasus. He was able to bridle and ride Pegasus where the horse grazed. He went to king Pittheus and received permission to marry his daughter. Before the marriage Bellerophon accidentally killed one of his brothers and was banished. The king's wife accused Bellerophon of trying to seduce her. Proetus wanted to get rid of Bellerophon without telling everyone why. He sent Bellerophon to deliver a message to his wife's father, king Iobates. Bellerophon was welcomed into Iobates house as a guest. The message he brought to Iobated explained about his daughter and Bellerophon. Iobates was disturbed and his solution was to tell Bellerophon to perform a series of heroic but deadly tasks. Bellerophon completed all of the tasks. Iobates made amends by giving Bellerophon half of his kingdom and his daughter to marry. Bellerophon decided to ride Pegasus to Mount Olympus. Seus put an end to his trip by having Pegasus stung and Bellerophon flew off. He was not crippled by the fall but had to spend the rest of his life on earth. Bellerophon died alone on earth (Bellerophon, Internet). Hercules who was a mortal but became a god upon his death was known to be very strong. He was stronger as a mortal was than most gods were. He was the lost son of Zeus. His mother was a mortal. Although he was very strong, he lacked intelligence and wisdom. He was easily offended. He got into many quarrels with gods and mortals. People would also take advantage of him because they thought he was too dumb to realize it. He held may grudges against people and did not forget them. Many of his great acts were while making up for something stupid he had done. He usually wore a lion skin garment with the head still attached. He was too strong to be punished, but would make up for his wrongs because he felt there should be justice for the acts he had committed. Many terrible things happened to Hercules because Hera hated him (Hercules, Internet). The goddess Erida is known as "hate." She was the sister of war god Ares. Zeus sent her to the confinement of the Achaians. She screamed into the soldier's ears and they woke up with nothing else on their minds but killing. Their hearts longed for war and bloodshed. She entered the war and grew so much that her head reached the heavens. She was unstoppable (Erida, Internet). Thanatos was a creature of bone chilling darkness. He is called the son of night and the brother of sleep. He is known as "death". His heart is made of iron and when he gets a hold of someone light never shines on him or her again (Thanatos, Internet). There is also Skylla. She was a beast with six heads. Odysseus wanted to fight with Skylla, but she killed six of her crew (Skylla, Internet). There was a god known as Prometheus, "the rebel god." His name meant forethought. He did not like Zeus. He tried to trick him with a false sacrifice. Zeus being on whom can see all knew he was being tricked. Prometheus also stole lighting bolts from Zeus and gave them to the mortals of earth. He had pity on the mortals and was always giving them gifts. He was never punished for the wrongs he did to Zeus; instead the whole world was punished. Finally Zeus hung Prometheus from a cliff where an eagle ate at his flesh. Zeus would torture him all the time. After quite a long time Hercules climbed the mountain, killed the eagle and set Prometheus free (Prometheus, Internet). There was a vicious snake named Python who Apollo had to kill before he could found his oracle. After killing Python, Apollo had to redeem himself because Python was immortal. Apollo started the Pythian games in Python's honor (Python, Internet). There was also a creature named Typheous. He was a fire breathing with one hundred heads dragon that never rested. Zeus killed him with his lighting bolts (Typheous, Internet). There were three Cyclopes; Brontes, Steropes, and Arges. They were one-eyed monsters. Each of them represented either thunder, lighting, or the lighting bolt. They were the first smiths. When the god Cronus came into power, he imprisoned the Cclops. Zeus released them and they fought together in the Trojan War. Zeus was rewarded by the Cyclops with lighting and thunder. The Cyclops worked for Zeus after the war, making lighting bolts for him (Cyclops, Internet). Zeus created a woman named Nephele from the clouds. He made her to trick Lxion. Lxion had done a lot of bad things and the gods wanted him punished. Zeus always tried to see the good in Lxion. Zeus stopped trying when he found out that Lxion wanted his wife Hera. Zeus made Nephele to look just like Hera. Lxion went for Nephele. When Lxion had sex with Nephele Zeus caught them. He bound Lxion to a fiery wheel that rolled across the skies forever. Nephele moved on and became the wife of Athamus and they had two children together (Nephele, Internet). Those are some gods and goddess not in either the Olympians of the Titans.

One of the most memorable events in Greek Mythology is the Trojan War. The war was fought over the ancient city of Troy. The Trojans were the inventors of the city. The most powerful king, Agamemon, lived in Greece. He had married Clytemnestra, the sister of Helen. Helen was the most beautiful woman in the world. She was married to Agamemnon's brother. The two brothers had tremendous power in Greece. The story of the Trojan War starts with Eris "strife" throwing down a golden apple at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. Zeus could not bring himself to make a decision about how to stop his queen Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite from bickering. Zeus led the goddesses to Mt. Ida where Paris, the most beautiful son of Priam was waiting. Hera offered him the lordship of all Asia for herself. The goddess Athena offered Paris victory in war and wisdom. Aphrodite only offered herseld since she was the most beautiful woman in the world; also known as Helen of Sparta. Paris of course gave the applet to Helen. When Paris went to Sparta to give the apple to Helen her husband, Menelous threw a feast for him. Menelous left the house go to visit the king of Knossos. When he left, Helen and Paris ran off together to Troy. When Menelous heard the news he asked his brother, Agamemnon to get revenge. Agamemnon sent Envoys to Troy to demand Helens return. When Envoys came back without Helen, Menelous collected an army. This is how the war started. The Trojan War took ten years. During the tenth year, the Greeks stopped attacking Asia Minor and went after Troy. In the battle at the Scaeon gate, Paris struck Achilles in the heel, the only place he was vulnerable. The Trojans still refused to give up the fight for Helen. A wooden horse was built to get into the city of Troy. The horse was left as a thank you to Athena. The Greeks burned their camps and sailed to make it look as they had given up. The Trojans found the horse and the burned camps and took the horse into the city. The soldiers then jumped out of the horse and killed every Trojan in sight. After the massacre, no male was left in Troy. Meneloes was determined to get revenge and kill Helen, but when he was in front of her and saw her beauty he could not bring himself to kill her. The Greeks in victory burned Troy and started home. This victory did not bring the Greeks happiness, only grief. They were split up by massive storms and could not find their way home. In the very end, Agamemnon was killed by this wife and the war ended (The story of Trojan War, Internet).

The Greeks had a special place for the dead. They either went to heaven or the underworld. In some cases they did not go anywhere. They just had to wait in the field of Asphode for nothing. Hades was the ruler of the underworld. He was the ruler of the dead. He was the son of Kronus and Rhea. He was the brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He abducted Persephone and ruled with her. He bound her to the underworld forever. He sits on a thrown made of Ebony and has a helmet given to him by the Cyclops that makes him invisible. He is also known as the rich one. He is also very violent. Hades does not allow anyone to leave the underworld. He enjoys the mortal's sigh and tears. He rules the underworld with his helper, Thanatos, "Death." The three-headed dog, Cerberus, who attacks everyone except sprints, guards the gate of the underworld. The underworld has four great rivers; Styx (hateful), Cocytus (waiting for the dead), Acheron (pain), and Pyriphlegethon (burning with the pyre). There is a fifth river, Lethe that is associated with re-incarnation. The Underworld of Greek mythology is like Christians Hell (Evslin, 100).

Greek Mythology consists of many stories of the lives of mortals and immortals. There are gods and goddess for almost every aspect of life. The Greeks believed in the gods and goddess and everything they did. Mythology was a way to explain the everyday battles of life. The gods displayed a since of normality making mythology so easy to follow and believe in. In Greek mythology they did things that people today would never think of doing like marrying their sister or brother. Incest was a very common thing in Greek Mythology. The Greeks needed something to believe in and that is how the gods and goddess came to be. If people did not believe in them, then the stories would never even exist. No one can say for a fact if the stories of Greek Mythology ever happened. The only thing that can be said is that back in 800 B.C. people believed in the stories and the gods. When Greek Mythology is looked at closely it almost mimics life of the world today. People still have greed, hate, and envy. People still feel love. Nothing will ever change mythology because in two thousand years people will tell stories about the generations of the 21st century and think it is different from their lives, but relate to the stories at the same time. Greek Myhology is not the only kind of Mythology there is also Roman and Egyptian Mythology. In the ear of 800 B.C. nearly every culture had a sort of Mythology. The gods and goddess in every culture were a reason for life. They explained how life came to be. There were many creation myths about how the world was created. Many people believe different myths.

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Term Paper on Acid Rain

Humans produce about 160% of the natural emissions of sulphur. This is compared with about 5-10% in the case of carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Krebs, 2001). Combustion of fossil fuels, according to Krebs (2001) has "altered the sulphur cycle more than any of the other nutrient cycles".

Sulphur is quickly oxidised in the atmosphere to sulphate (SO4) and redeposited rapidly on land or in the oceans. One clear manifestation of this alteration of the sulphur cycle is the widespread problem of acid rain (Krebs, 2001).

In areas uncontaminated by either industrial emissions or calcareous dust, precipitation usually has a pH value close to 5.0 (Schindler, 1998). Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7.0. Liquids with a pH less than 7.0 are acid, and those with a pH greater than 70 are alkaline (http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html). Uncontaminated rainfall usually has a slightly acidic pH because it contains small amounts of both weak and strong acids of natural origin. In most areas within several hundred kilometres of industrial emissions precipitation has a pH value of much less than 5.0 (Schindler, 1998). Around Washington D.C. for example, average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html).

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Schindler (1998) says: "it is now clear that acid rain has already caused widespread acidification of many aquatic ecosystems in the north-eastern United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom". Many fish invertebrates are sensitive to acidification, with some disappearing at pH values as high as 6.0 (Schindler, 1998).

Aquatic environments vary widely in their sensitivity to acidification. When water moves through limestone or dolomite rocks and soils, it picks up calcium and magnesium carbonates. These minerals neutralise incoming acids. The result is that streams, rivers, and lakes with high carbonate concentrations have a large neutralising capacity and typically are not susceptible to acidification. In areas where water moves through carbonate-poor rocks and soils, streams, rivers, and lakes have a lower neutralising ability and become acidified when the acidic materials in them exceed the neutralising capacity. This results in a drop in pH (May and Eilers, 1987).

Waters with differing pH may be similar in appearance, yet the pH differentials influence the organisms within them rather significantly (May and Eilers, 1987). Acid rains earliest and most dramatic effects on fish populations were recorded in southern Norway in the 1920's, where declines in salmon runs were correlated to increasing river acidity. Today, seven formerly important salmon streams in southern Norway have lost their runs, and a survey of over 2,000 lakes indicated that approximately one-third experienced fish population declines between 1940 and 1971 (Swenson and May, 1987).

The loss of fish in North America was first seen in the La Cloche Mountain lakes of Ontario. These lakes received acid deposition from a large copper-nickel smelter. In the 1970's studies showed that 388 fish populations might have been lost from some 55 of these lakes. However, it was not possible to tell if changes in pH alone caused this because besides becoming acidic, these lakes showed increases in heavy metals from the smelter that can also harm fish. More recent research has documented the loss of fish populations from a smaller number of acidified lakes not influenced by the smelter (Swenson and May, 1987).

According to Krebs (2001), "the clearest effects of acid precipitation are in Scandinavia and eastern Canada". He notes that "In Canada, lakes containing trout have been the principle focus for research on the effects of acid rain. Lake trout disappear in lakes once the pH falls below 5.4".

In 1985 Schindler and his colleagues described the effects of eight years gradual, manipulated acidification on a small lake ecosystem in Ontario. The value of pH was slowly decreased from 6.8 to 5.0. One of the parameters used to monitor the lake ecosystem was the condition of trout. There were few distinguishable chemical changes and little biological change in the baseline survey between 1974 and 1976. In 1980 the condition of the lake trout had declined. The trout continued to be affected; spawning behaviour changed in 1982 and in 1983 their condition was very poor. There was also evidence of cannibalism amongst the trout (Spellerberg, 1991).

Several studies have identified direct effects on gill function, reproduction, and early life stages of fish in aquatic environments. Special cells in the gills of fish, called ionocytes or chloride cells, control the concentration of chemicals in the blood. They collect ions such as chloride and sodium from the water, and transfer them to the blood where they must be kept at higher concentrations. Changes in these cells seem to be one way by which acidification affects fish populations (Swenson and May, 1987).

The cells become pitted as pH decreases. Chloride cells can be destroyed as a thick slime may cover the gill surface. Fish can no longer keep the excess hydrogen ions, formed by acidity, out of the blood. Sodium and Chloride ions can't be retained either. Young fish are more sensitive to this than adult fish; for example adult brook trout may survive at pH 3.5 to 4.5, whereas brook trout fry may die at pH 4.5 to 6.5 (Swenson and May, 1987)

The combination of acidic water and metal contamination is a special problem for the sensitive embryo and fry stages of some species. Brook trout and Atlantic salmon are good examples. The development period coincides with the spring snowmelt that brings the lowest pH readings. If acid melt waters dissolve aluminium from the soils, the fry can be killed by the combination of the stresses even when the waters acidity alone would not kill them. The combined effects of aluminium concentrations and acidity may kill the young but not the adults. A reproductive failure like this results in a slow population decline over time, as with the example of lake trout (Swenson and May, 1987).

Reduced levels of fish reproductive hormones have also been associated with low pH. Female fish in one study of acidified waters showed a higher percentage of eggs that do not develop and are reabsorbed (Swenson and May, 1987).

Sensitivity to acidification differs enormously among fish species. Some evidence suggests that in some cases sensitivity relates to the indirect effects of acidification. These include the formation of dense mats on the lake bottom, destroying plants and other organisms required as food (Swenson and May, 1987).

The occurrence of higher concentration of mercury in fish from acid lakes is an important indirect effect of lake acidification. Some scientists believe that higher mercury levels require a greater level of feeding from the fish. This can be a problem in low pH lakes where food is scarce (Swenson and May, 1987).

Most biological research has emphasised the impact on fish. However, fish depend on other organisms for food and shelter. More recent research has focused on the impact of acid deposition on these aquatic organisms, including invertebrates (May and Eilers, 1987). Schindler (1998) says, "the early disappearance of organisms at lower trophic levels may cause starvation to stress large predatory fish well before direct toxic action of the hydrogen ions is evident".

Schindler's 1985 report into a manipulated ecosystem described earlier suggests that more common fish species (such as lake trout) are not sensitive, reliable indicators of early damage due to acidification. The damage at lower trophic levels would, it was predicted, cause almost complete extinction of the trout within a decade (Spellerberg, 1991).

As suggested earlier, organisms have a "range of tolerance" that is broader for those more tolerant of acidity and narrower for those more sensitive. Chemical reactions critical to maintain life take place most efficiently at the optimum pH. How organisms are affected depends upon their size, life history stage, time of year, and other factors. Such direct effects of increasing acidity are, in general, more harmful to the simpler components of the ecosystem. More mature of complex organisms are increasingly capable of regulating their internal body chemistry (May and Eilers, 1987).

Many invertebrates, such as zooplankton, that swim in the open water of lakes, are microscopic. Just like fish these are also subject to the effects of acidification. May and Eilers (1987) of the University of Wisconsin revealed several patterns after an extensive review of North American and European studies:

1. There are fewer invertebrate species found in lower pH waters. This reduction is most noticeable over the pH interval from 6.1 to 5.2.
2. Some groups of organisms are particularly sensitive to acidic conditions. These organisms could give early indications of acidification.
3. Species within these groups indicate large variability in response to acidity, as do some individuals within certain species.

As a summary it is clear that acidification affects both fish and invertebrates, directly and indirectly. Some species have a higher tolerance to acidic environments than others, and some organisms within a population have a higher tolerance than others within the same population.

Attention must now turn to reducing acid rain, and the recovery of lakes and streams. The recent rate of acidification of lakes is slower than once predicted, in part the result of decreased sulphur oxide emissions. In the Sudbury area of eastern Canada a combination of smelter closures and SO2 controls have reduced emissions to about one-third of their value in the early 1970's. This has been accompanied by rapid increases in alkalinity, and decreases in the concentrations of SO4ˉ and aluminium and toxic metals (Schindler, 1998).

It is not clear whether lakes will be able to recover completely. If recovery is possible it may take many years. Schindler (1998) ends one part of his paper by saying: "Although it is now clear that reducing emissions of SO2 will allow the rapid recovery of lakes, it is unlikely that original pH values will be reached for many years. Unassisted biological recovery of all original species also appears to be unlikely.It therefore seems prudent to prevent as much ecological damage as we can".

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Essay on Father

"Fathers should be seen nor heard. That's the only proper basis for family life." (Popenoe 1) That was the view on how things should be years ago. Fathering a child is not just the woman's job anymore. Now what society expects of fathers has changed enormously. Fathers are now expected to be more involved in their children's lives and more involved with housework. The role of the father is bigger than past generations of fathers would have thought possible. Many people once thought that fathers are unimportant to their child's development. Many studies prove that one, fathers have a specific impact on their child that a women doesn't have, and two, there are many negative impacts that an absent or not involved father can have on his children.

Fathers are now trying to be more apart of their children's lives. With all the divorce's there are that may be hard though. Sometimes the father can't see his children because he may live too far away or he may have problems with the mother. Now, "of children born in the past decade, the chances that by age seventeen they will not be living with both biological parents stand at over 50 percent." (Popenoe 19) Many of these fathers don't even see their children on a regular basis. On the other hand, the number of fathers solely taking care of their children is growing. 1/5th of single parents today are single fathers, which equals to two million. This number has grown since 1970 when 90 percent of single parents were single mothers. There is currently a new law that makes sure there is shared custody by both parents, but this law is only the law in about forty states. Without this law there would be many fathers that would not ever see their children. In a New York Times-CBS poll in 1989 found that both working men and women felt about the same about the fact that they feel conflict between their work and family responsibilities. Men now feel that family is just as important as their careers, which was not the case many years ago. For a lot of fathers an "ambition for old age (is) to follow(their) children for as long as (they) could." (Franzen 91) Work does not come first anymore in most families.

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Having two adults in the family can counteract each others weakness and support the strengths. They can bring different skills and perspectives to a child and provide more economic resources. Studies have shown that fathers have unique traits that they bring to the children. Men think more aggressively, take more risks, and have different ways of doing things. Fathers provide important experiences that are essential for competence and maturity. Boys without fathers lack instruction on how to be a man because they have no one to watch and learn from. Watching their father is usually how children develop masculine traits. Also, fathers are essential for disciplining boys. Girls learn how to relate to men from their fathers. Girls also learn about trust, intimacy, and difference. Girls learn how to cope in a world that can be still male-dominated sometimes. Girls with supportive fathers are usually more successful in their careers. For both genders, fathers have different styles of playing than mothers. Fathers play tends to be rougher and more exciting. "In one study of 21/2 year olds who were given a choice of play partners, more than two-thirds chose to play with their fathers." (Popenoe 144) Kids who play with their fathers learn self-control better. Studies show that certain forms of play in childhood are crucial to controlling later aggression. "The findings of a study of convicted murders in Texas are probably not based on coincidence--90 percent of the murders either did not play as children or played abnormally." (Popenoe 144) Fathers also stress competition, challenge, risk taking, and independence. Fathers also differ in the way they talk to children. Father's conversations are briefer and more likely to be about things directly related to life Also fathers are more concerned for the child's longer term development. In short, the role of the father in a child's life is unique and irreplaceable.

The father makes a large contribution to the development of a child and so does the mother. Mothers focus more on the child's immediate well being. Mothers play tends to take place more "at the child's level." (Popenoe 144) Mothers usually let the child direct the play and be more in charge. Mothers stress emotional security and personal safety more. Mothers are also more worried about danger and stop their child from taking risks. When mothers talk to their children they talk more about feelings, safety, and emotions. This fact can be contracted because fathers are known for saying things like, "right now you need to keep your eyes open. You know, use common sense." (Price 272) Mothers also have many other qualities that were not mentioned.

Fathers affect their children as soon as they are born. Studies show that infants with involved fathers were found to be more cognitively developed at one year of age than infants with less involved fathers. Children who were disliked by their peers reported that they had poor relationships with their fathers. Children achieve more when there is a father active in their life. "For daughter's, several studies have found that the presence of the father is one of the determinants of proficiency in mathematics." (Popenoe 148) When a father is involved, boys learn how to have sympathy. Boys don't think it's ok to be emotional but they can learn from their dads that it is ok by watching. It would be hard for boys to get this from their mothers. Involved fathers are important for the psychological well being of their children, including happiness, life satisfaction, and the absence of psychological distress. "Many interview studies of happy and successful adults have discovered that a central fact of their lives was having had such father as children." (Popenoe 149) However, many children do not have such a father for two reasons: divorce and the father neglecting them.

50 percent of marriages end in divorce. So this means that half of all families are missing a biological parent. Divorce does not just involve the parents; it involves the children also and usually in a negative way. At the moment, about 40 percent of children don't live with their biological father. There have been studies that have shown that the typical father that doesn't live with the children doesn't support or see the child either Fathers are very important, especially for the son. When the son does something good and the father doesn't care, the child will "ache to have him slap me on the back, want(ing) to hear his unstinting praise and in it the honeyed pronouncement: son." (Cooper 22-23) Not having a father around can also cause problems for some children who are at greater risk for negative consequences. For example, children without fathers are more likely to drop out of school and become involved in drug and alcohol abuse. Girls are more likely to become pregnant as teens. Boys are more likely to become involved in crime and violence. Both sexes of children might feel like they have been betrayed and rejected by their father. Studies show that fatherless children score lower on tests and have lower grade point averages. Adolescents in mother-only families are more likely to be sexually active also. Throughout the child's whole life there will be extra anger and hostility in single parent families. Another thing is "children in father-absent families are five times more likely to be poor and more likely to be extremely poor." (Popenoe 155) Poverty caused by the lack of father can also contribute to the negative behaviors of children. Having an absent father doesn't just have to be because of a divorce.

A father can still have this same effect even if the father is around but not active in his child's life. This is when the father is around but he just doesn't take part in the raising of the child, he just leaves it up to the mother. He pretends that the child just doesn't exist.

The statistics and facts that have been listed do not apply to all families. Sometimes, a child that doesn't have a father in their life can turn out just like a regular child who does well in school and has no hostility because of a absent father. Sometimes children from families with two parents can have troubled kids. It's just that most children living in two parent families usually have better life skills and are better-off socially, economically, and emotionally.

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Essay on Frederick Douglass

In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass presents the reader with a world in which Christianity and slavery walk hand in hand; A Christian community in which the word master signifies the sole proprietary owner of another's existence. A world in which it is deemed unchristian for an oppressed man or woman to speak out on their own behalf. A society in which God's gift of free will is only enjoyed by the wealthy land owner who's transgressions against his fellow man will not be judged in the eyes of the Lord; in a land esteemed as being the promise land of the hard working man. Through this world, Douglass illustrates the hypocrisy of the self proclaimed righteous Christian master and opens the eyes of the reader to the true cost of southern prosperity.

In his opening lines, Douglass addresses how the institution of slavery narrows slaves' opportunities for self-knowledge. Slave owners withhold information about slaves' birth dates in order to keep them from developing a unique sense of self. For what better way to affirm ones authority than to deny another his identity? How can slaves differentiate themselves as being men when they "know how old they are no more than horses do." Furthermore slaves were forbidden to learn to read to gain what Douglass termed the "key to freedom". This denying another of literacy is in fact another hypocritical act on the part of the owners. It was expected of the slaves to be Christian; but how can one be a follower of the book, when one cannot read the book. Those who could read the word, would often manipulate it to their advantage and often cite it while administering a beating or raping this victims.

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Likewise, Douglass explains how their masters do not acknowledge family ties among slaves. Family relationships would allow slaves to develop a unique sense of self and would encourage alliances among slaves, a serious threat to the slave owner's hold on power. Douglass also states that he believes his father was his first master, Captain Anthony. Denying slaves information about their parentage allows slave owners to avoid taking parental responsibility for their unchristian sexual exploitation of female slaves. Masters often sold these children, embarrassing evidence of adultery and fornication, two sins harshly condemned by the Christian religion of these supposedly pious slave owners. For those who weren't sold, the masters made sure of their misery through severe beatings, only adding to the evil. An example of this is the horrific scene in which Andrew crushes the head of Douglass younger brother. Although Douglass does not say so, it is possible that Captain Anthony was also his brother's father. All of this is done for no reason symbolizing the senseless violence towards children of slavery. If children weren't enough for the reader, Douglass also goes to illustrate the sad death of his grandmother as she is left alone in a shack in the depths of the forest even after raising her master from infancy to the grave she is left to die like an animal. The slaveholder's attacks at family structure do not end there. Further into the narrative, Douglass describes how he is sent by the "reformed" Thomas Auld to Covey. Douglass uses this to attack the hypocrisy of religious slave owners in that both men are highly religious yet they are unforgivably cruel. Covey, who is deeply religious, had a married man impregnate his female slave. Besides the obvious sin of treating another human being like a piece of livestock, there is a greater sin of forcing a man to violate his marriage vows.

Douglass includes a great example of how slavery is the antithesis of Christianity as he portrays Sophia Auld's transformation upon becoming a slave owner. Sofia was a kind, affectionate woman and, at first, treated Douglass like a human being, discouraging his servility and educating him. When her husband informed her that education would ruin Douglass as a slave, she began to treat him like property. Consequently, she loses her former kindness and generosity and is reduced to being just another cruel owner. Through this Douglass maintains that slavery corrupts the slave owner's humanity just as it corrupts the slave's.

For a society so preoccupied with Christian morals and beliefs, one must ask how slave owners and their sympathizers could allow such barbarity. Douglass explains this by showing how slave owners must constantly deny the humanity of their slaves in order to justify their misdeeds. By "dealing with the brutes" the owner himself is reduced to being the brute, and as a result turns to becoming piously religious in order to convince himself otherwise. Because slaves were classified as inferior and not quite human, the legal system judged them as less credible than their masters. In the courts the testimony of a black witness was never equal to that of a white witness. The slave's law began and ended with his oppressor. No beating was unfair or too severe unless the master said so. No sexual activity was rape unless the master said so. No killing was murder unless the master said so. In the unlikely event the ruling be in favor of the victim the crime would be considered against property, not an equal person. Such everyday affirmation of ones position in society only goes to justify the means. Some slaves were so brainwashed that they fight other masters' slaves over whose master is better. These absurdities are a direct result of the slave owner's control over the slave's self-knowledge. Douglass' narrative testifies that no master is a "good" master, even if some are less brutal than others. All of these are attempts at separating the blacks while the white oppressors, on the other hand, keep up a united front. None of Douglass white co-workers would testify on his behalf after the white apprentices nearly beat him to death. Even after such affirmations, sooner or later the slaves would demand their freedom. For this the masters use their evil to devise a genius idea in which they grant slaves days off during religious holidays only to drink and engage in nonchristian disillusioning acts which in turn disgust the slaves with the notion of freedom ultimately making them feel better to return to work. It is this ungodly manipulation and deception that the slave owners pride themselves.

Chapter after chapter, Frederick Douglass narrative is a powerful testament to the barbarity and hypocrisy of the supposedly Christian institution of slavery. This narrative is beam of light in a dark time in American history where two apparently contradictory beliefs merge together to benefit the immoral profit hungry band of thieves known as the upper class; Twisted individuals who filter the word of God and manipulate it in order to further their profits. For there can be no justice when a society can use Christianity to promote evil.

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Essay on Childhood Memories

Childhood memories are indeed significant in helping individuals come to terms with the past in the novel Dream Stuff. As an audience we appreciate that Malouf is trying to convey this concept through dreams, memories and past experience from his characters childhood. It is evident that through the perspectives of characters in "Dream Stuff", "Jacko's Reach" and "Blacksoil Country" that childhood memories do have a significant impact on individuals and their future lives.

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Reminiscing back on childhood memories from an adults perspective, enables the character to understand and make sense of past events, thus making him stronger. Colin Lattimer ("Dream Stuff") constant dreams/memories under the house with Maxie helps him come to terms with the loss that obviously was very traumatic for him. This is important for him to do as it develops his mental toughness and self-esteem, thus making Colin a stronger person in his adult life. His "swimming dream" whereby his father is seen to be neglecting him, brings up the painful memories for Colin as he recalls his fathers suffering and battle for life "he lay stretched on his belly in the dust". This evidence from Colin's childhood memories demonstrates how he has overcome his traumatic childhood to become a success (in his profession as a writer), establishing that recollecting on childhood events builds you as an individual. Reminiscing on childhood memories is imperative when coming to terms with the past.

Memories from Childhood give an individual a sense of their own identity. In "Jacko's Reach" the narrator takes on a personal reflection as he recalls the events of when he was young and part of "the fellowship", when Jacko's Reach was a sacred place. The occurrences that Valamy Mitchell was responsible for was a big turning point in the lives of many members of "the gangs we ran back then". Valamy gave the boys an identity to be scared of in the future, as to they were when "one boy got a post card from her". The death of eight year old Jimmy Dicken's helped prepare most of the kids that lived near "the reach" or saw "a pair of stockinged feet" to deal with the death of loved ones, friends and foes. This childhood memory is one that those kids would not forget and would definitely help shape their character. The events in their childhood put a permanent stain on their identities as they did not know whether or not they would ever be safe from the truth. Memories from the children in "Jacko's Reach" have not only shaped their identity & future, but it's helped them appreciate the past.

Understanding significant memories from childhood assist the individual in appreciating the future. Jordan from "Blacksoil Country" has come to terms with his own unprecedented death by reflecting on it and sharing his story with us as his audience "I can show you this country, I been in it long enough." He has learned to value his Childhood death with time as he has learned to love the land that he was so violently murder on. Jordan's death sealed his non prejudice fate, despite Jordan not having a racist bone in his body his death brought him closer to his fathers greatest fear "blending my white grains with its many black ones." By Jordan coming to grips with his death allowed his future self or Ghost to remain good and tell his tragic story in a way where his audience would appreciate the power of the land and reflect on his past. By understanding childhood memories an individual can finally even after death, come to terms with his past and thus appreciate his future.

Childhood memoires are significant for the individuals such as Jordan and Colin, but they also help others such as the kids from "Jacko's Reach" come to terms with their past too. It is imperative that memories from early life are kept and cherished otherwise their would be no point in looking forward to the future, if you cant even appreciate your past. Through the accounts of these characters from Dream Stuff we as an audience value the contribution that childhood memories make when coming to terms with the past.

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Essay on Dreams

What Dreams May Come is a movie made in 1998. In the story, Dr. Chris Nielsen, a friendly doctor and faithful husband, is played by Robin Williams. Annabella Sciorra plays Annie, his beautiful wife who endures a lot of hardship. Playing the friendly spirit Albert, Cuba Gooding, Jr., helps Chris on his quest. The main theme is basically that love conquers all and that one should never give up, even when all seems to be lost.

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Chris meets Annie in boats, and they instantly fall in love. They marry and have a son and a daughter, and life seems wonderful until their children die in a car accident. Annie nearly goes crazy from her grief, but Chris tries to be strong for the both of them. On their special anniversary, Chris witnesses a car accident, and being a doctor, he runs over to help. He ends up dying by getting hit by a car, furthering his wife?s sadness. As a spirit, he is able to flashback to some troubling memories and even see present life on earth. In his heaven, Chris discovers that Annie had committed suicide, and he resolves to get her back from hell.

In another twist he discovers the Asian woman who comforted him was his daughter in another form and that the friendly spirit was his son. With the help of an old man, his guide, Chris is able to travel to Hell and find Annie. He is able to sense where she is because they are soul mates, but he finds her in her own world and unable to recognize him. He tries to remind her, but nothing works until he decides to give up heaven to be with her. Suddenly, she is able to remember everything, but then Chris begins to give up hope. The next thing he knows, he?s back in heaven with his wife and children, and love did conquer all. A little later, they decide they want to be reincarnated so they can fall in love all over again.

After that car hit him during his first life, Chris is either dead or having a dream. Even though the title may imply it to be a dream sequence, the movie is probably using the word ?dream? to mean a fantasy or desire. If it does, than psychological themes can come into play. Our book tells us that falling in love can cause us to feel wonderful happiness but also a lot of misery. In the movie, Chris takes this to the extreme as he goes from Heaven to Hell and back again in the name of love. Physical appearance has a significant role in first falling in love. Chris and Annie both fall in love at first sight, but the keyword here is sight. Liking someone is ?based on familiarity,? meaning that Chris had experience with other girls that may have had similar characteristics, making him feel unthreatened. I believe the movie was interesting and worth watching because of many reasons. The fantastic depictions of Heaven and Hell are captivating and look realistic. In addition, the story plot keeps you involved, making you wonder how it will all end. Finally, What Dreams May Come puts a fresh twist on a theme that?s been used many times by placing it in the perspective of a man still wanting a united family in the afterlife.

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