Term Paper on Baseball

Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame along with the other great players from Major League Baseball because of his on field credentials and because there is no concrete evidence that he bet on baseball while managing the Cincinnati Reds. A. Bartlet Giamatti suspended Rose based on circumstantial evidence, which is not fair to Pete Rose or his fans. Current baseball commissioner, Bud Selig, is the only person with the power to reverse the decision laid down by Giamatti but chooses not to do so.

Pete Rose may be one of the greatest players in Major League Baseball history. The records, alone, that Pete Rose holds are enough to justify his entrance into the Hall of Fame. The most astonishing record owned by Rose is his record for hits in his career. Pete Rose compiled 4,256 total hits in his career, making him one of only two people to get more than four thousand hits along with Ty Cobb. In Roses twenty-four seasons he set the Major League Baseball record for games played with 3,562. This meant that rose averaged more than one hit per game throughout his career. Pete Rose also holds the record of 23 consecutive seasons with a hundred hits or more and ten times had two hundred hits, another Major League Baseball record. From June fourteenth until July thirty-first in 1978 Rose hit safely in 44 straight games, a national league record, and second only to Joe DiMaggio's 56. Another record that rose holds in terms of hitting streaks is that he had consecutive game hit streaks of 20 games or more seven times. Some other records that Rose holds are the record for most at bats in a career, 14,053, most wins in a career with 1,972. And he is the only player in league history to play more than 500 games at each of five positions (Cosmic Baseball Association).

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Pete Rose was banished from being inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1989 when baseball commissioner A. Bartlet Giamatti concluded that Rose had bet on baseball games, including his own team, the Cincinnati Reds. Hall of Fame rule five designates that inductees should be honest, have integrity, and good character more than his playing ability. Giamatti thought that Rose did not qualify because he did not meet these guidelines. Baseball should be honest with itself and delete the character and integrity requirements of rule five. If rule five is so important than why are players like Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Gaylord Perry allowed in the hall of fame, while Pete Rose, who was never proven to have bet on baseball, is kept out of the Hall of Fame?
"He played the game the way it was meant to be played. Hard-nosed and hustling all over the field"(quoted in Lahman). Says Oakland Athletics Dave Parker, describing Pete Roses style of play throughout his twenty-four year career. His stunning statistics can be attributed to his incredible work ethic on the field and in games and off the field during spring training and personal workouts. When most hitters settled for singles, Rose would stretch his hits into doubles or even triples. Most of the players in the Major Leagues respected the way he played. He was known to wake up early in the morning to take jogs in the brisk Cincinnati winter during off-seasons so he would not be out of physical shape when spring training arrived in March. He was well aware that he was working harder than his opponents. His love for the sport of baseball gave him the strength to carry out his grueling workouts.

Supporters of Giamatti's suspension of Pete Rose believe that his suspension from Major League Baseball is warranted by his gambling on sports. Rose admitted placing bets on football and basketball games, but denied placing any bets on baseball games(Dowd). John M. Dowd and Giamatti conducted investigations into Roses gambling. Baseball started an investigation in February 1989 into allegations that Rose had been betting on sports, including baseball. These allegations came from one of Rose's friends, Paul Janszen, and bookie Ron Peters. (Both had been convicted of felony drug charges.) Both offered documentary evidence of Rose's betting to support their claims(Lahman). Among the evidence that was found was betting slips that Dowd had received from Janszen(Betting Slips). A Federal Bureau of Investigation expert concluded that the betting slips were in Roses handwriting, but Rose hired handwriting experts to examine the slips and they stated that the evidence is either wrong or inconclusive(Lahman).

Pete Rose was put on the banishment list and the only way that he can be inducted into the Hall of Fame is to get off the list. To do so, Rose had to put in an appeal to be reinstated back into baseball. Bud Selig, however, would not meet with Roses lawerys immediately. Finally he agreed to meet with Roger Makley, one of Roses lawyers, to discuss the possibility of reinstatement. Selig said however that he is unlikely to allow Rose back into the league and will not hear new evidence brought into the case including evidence that Rose did not bet on baseball games. This is unfair to Rose. He has the right to plead his case; to determine his innocence and have his status among baseball's elite recognized. Selig is denying him of these rights. Makley said that he would meet with Bob Dupay, Baseball's executive Vice President for administration, and chief legal council in an effort to have Rose reinstated(Blum). It is unlikely that Rose will receive a fair chance to plead his case because Dupay stated that he agrees completely with Bud Selig(Blum).

Many people are under the impression that Pete Rose is the only baseball player to have been caught or accused of gambling on baseball games. Some all-time greats have been strongly suspected of betting on baseball. In 1919 several members teamed with known gangsters in an effort to "throw" the World Series. Eight players, Eddie Cicotte, Joe Jackson, Swede Rinsberg, Fred McMulin, Bruce Weaver, Happy Flesch, Claude Williams, and Chick Gandil, were accused and convicted of deliberately losing the World Series so that the gangsters would win bets and the players would receive a cut of the money.( Schwalbe). Joe Jackson, one of the suspended players, was most likely not a part of the deed. He played terrifically throughout the series, hitting the series only homerun and finishing with a .357 batting average over eight games of the series(Schwalbe). (In 1919 the World Series was a best of nine series, now it is best of seven.) How can a player achieve such great numbers and be trying to lose at the same time? He was, nonetheless, banned from the Hall of Fame, as is Pete Rose. Leo, "The Lip," Durocher, manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was removed from baseball after being suspected of, and later admitting to gambling on games played by the Dodgers. His suspension was put into effect in the 1949 season and revoked in the 1951 season(Baseball Historian). This man admitted on betting on baseball. Rose never has admitted or was proven to have bet on the Reds games, and yet, he is still banned from baseball. Other famous players have been known gamblers and they did not have any action taken against them. Ty Cobb was known to bet on games that he played in. The only other man with 4,000 or more hits in his career other than Rose, was a known gambler. He is, however, in the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown and known for his playing ability, not his habit. Rose deserves to be known for his on-the-field brilliance just as Cobb is(Americas Library). Tris Speaker is another Hall of Famer who was known to gamble on games that he played in(Angle Fire). Hal Chase was a master of deception on the field. He was known to pull his glove away from the ball when it was thrown his way to make it appear as if his teammate had made an errant throw(Baseball Historian). This man is also a member of the Hall of Fame. Rose did not commit acts of cheating like these men did and there is not enough evidence to keep him out of the Hall of Fame.

The majority of baseball fans feel that Pete Rose should be inducted into the Hall of Fame. He was and still is a tremendously popular player. His selection to baseball's All-Century team this past October backs up the notion that he belongs in the Hall of Fame. In an on-the-field ceremony held at Yankee's Stadium, Rose received the longest ovation from the crowd of any of the players, deceased or living(Kettmann). His selection shows his greatness and popularity among baseball fans. Shortly after the ceremony ESPN and USAToday conducted a poll for its viewing audience on its official website, ESPN.com, to see how fans felt about the status of Rose being kept out of the Hall of Fame. In an overwhelming majority, fifty-six percent said that Rose should be reinstated, while twenty-nine percent said that he should not(ESPN). Bud Selig has stated that he agrees with the suspension and will not reinstate Rose. If Selig does not feel Rose should be reinstated, then the matter can not advance any father or to any other baseball officials. If Rose were ruled to be allowed back into baseball, then he would be eligible for the Hall of Fame. The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) would be able to put Rose's name on the ballot and in order to be eligible for the Hall of Fame the following criteria must be met: He must apply to the office of the Commissioner for reinstatement to Major League Baseball. He then must be reinstated by the office of the commissioner. Next he would be eligible as a Hall of Fame for the ballot of the BBWAA screening committee. If Rose is placed on the ballot, he will have to receive votes on at least seventy-five percent of the ballots cast in any one election to be inducted(Hall of Fame). Pete Rose has his supporters. Former President Jimmy Carter says, "It's time to forgive Pete Rose"(Cosmic Baseball Association). This quote was published from Jimmy Carter's article "It's Time to Forgive Pete Rose." He believed that the testimony from convicted felons does not come from a credible source and therefore does not deserve to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. "I absolutely believe that Pete Rose should be in the Hall of Fame. If you exclude Pete Rose you have to exclude many other people beginning with Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb, and others whose behavior would not stand the test of our current moral standards" (Ken Burns quoted in Cosmic Baseball Association). Ken Burns is a strong supporter of Pete Rose's crusade to be in the Hall of Fame and he agrees with Jimmy Carter's opinion. If Babe Ruth, who was known to be an alcoholic and a womanizer, is allowed in the Hall of Fame; if Ty Cobb, who was known to gamble on baseball games, is allowed in the Hall of Fame, then why is Pete Rose denied entrance into the Hall of Fame after being only suspected of gambling on baseball? Ken Burns and Jimmy Carter are merely two of Pete Rose's high ranking supporters who have offered help in any way to see that Pete Rose will be inducted into the Hall of Fame.

"The ultimate goal to have as a ball player is to be in the Hall of Fame. Now I do not have a chance"(Lahman). Pete Rose gave that statement in 1997 to USAToday. Anyone who has played the game or followed it as a fan knows that all players have the dream of being inducted into the Hall of Fame. Rose played professional baseball, the game he loved and devoted twenty-four years of his life to, at a level that places him among the best ever to play. Throughout this career, Rose was a generous supporter of the National Baseball of Hall of Fame, donation more that twenty artifacts to the museums collections. Many of them are on display(Hall of Fame). If the Hall of Fame can except gifts from his playing days then he certainly deserves to be enshrined in the Hall of Fame with them. It is not fair to Rose, Major League Baseball, and baseball fans everywhere to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. The words of Pete Rose's lawyer, Gary Spicer, sum up the entire situation of Rose's ban: "It would be good for the fan, good for Pete, good for baseball if they would reinstate him"(Lahman). This is exactly how most fans and baseball lovers across the country feel. It is time for action to be taken to get Pete Rose into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame.

I believe that Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame based on his on-the-field accomplishments. Another player will not approach his record of 4,256 career hits in the near future, or maybe ever. I feel that if Pete Rose is ever reinstated into Major League Baseball it will be after his death just so he will never have the satisfaction of knowing that he was inducted into the Hall of Fame. There is no credible evidence that he gambled on baseball. There are only accusations and circumstantial evidence linking Rose to betting on baseball. I think that this quote by Roger Kahn sums up my opinions of Rose's situation: "I don't know if Pete Rose bet on baseball, but I know that he was rail-roaded out of the game"(Cosmic Baseball Association).

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Term Paper on Gangs of New York

Prior to seeing The Gangs of New York and reading the excerpt from Cary, I was completely oblivious to the fact that riots occurred on such a wide scale in 19th century America. The formation of separate factions, most notably the Nativists and the Irish immigrants, led to extreme animosity between the groups. This hatred for one another's values and beliefs eventually led to the bloody battles that took place frequently. This initial separation of the Nativists and their immigrant counterparts carried on through generation after generation. Peaceable negotiations between the parties often failed to accomplish any agreements, which of course would lead to more bloodshed between the rival groups. Disagreements between the "gangs" were often in regards to issues such as assimilation, political power, national identity, and work.

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The lack of immediate assimilation into society by the Irish immigrants was one integral reason as to why separate factions were formed. As seen in The Gangs of New York five distinct "gangs" were formed as a result of Irish integration into society. The Nativist's, led by Bill the Butcher, are not fond of the Irish immigrants presence in America. They feel that the incoming Irish will have eternal devotion to the Old Country and will be a negative addition to society. However, the Nativist's perception of their Irish immigrant counterparts may have had some rationale behind it. The American Irish tended to isolate themselves into small ghettos, socialize only with each other, and attend isolated Catholic weekly masses. Although all these different characteristics of the Irish immigrants angered the Nativists, what may have angered them the most was the Irish American control over political policies. Natvists were convinced that the Irish American support for the Democratic Party was not a result of actual agreement with the policies, but rather being used as a puppet of the Catholic Church. The Irish influence on political and social life was evident throughout The Gangs of New York. As the immigrants stepped off their ships they were immediately confronted by politicians vying for their vote. Of course, being new to the country and being completely unaware of political policies, the immigrants vote was swayed by the church. However, as the movie progresses Amsterdam, leader of the Dead Rabbits Gang, is able to gather the Irish-American populace to vote in favor of another fellow Irish immigrant for sheriff. The growing number of Irish immigrants to the United States further escalated tension between the two parties. The issue of national identity was also important in the formation of separate factions of society. The Nativists felt that as the status of Irish immigrants increased into society, the "true" American would become extinct. Rather than feeling a sense of unity and respect for their fellow citizens, they felt as though unless they did something to stop the flow of immigrants into the country they would eventually become the minority. One excellent portrayal of this would be at the end of the movie when Bill the Butcher kills the Irish immigrant elected sheriff. After killing him he proclaims "There's the minority vote!" The abolitionist movement also played an important role in the National identity crisis. The Nativists hated the presence of blacks within society and large mobs would often attack black individuals for no reason besides their skin color. Towards the end of the film a man approaches Amsterdam's black friend and says "I lost my arm for you, you damn nigger!" To which the black man replied "Well that's a start." This perfectly portrays the anti-black sentiment felt by the Nativists. The black and Irish presence in society was increasing almost daily and the Nativists felt that the dignity of the nativists and national identity would ultimately disappear. Finally, the issue of work was important because it further added to the Nativists hatred for blacks and Irish. The new Irish populace in America was willing to work for lower wages than the "natives" which prompted more animosity among the groups.

Although Gangs of New York was a good movie, I felt as if I was in the movie theater for 8 days. It was quite possibly the longest thing I have ever seen in my life. However, the setting of the movie was historically accurate and Leonardo DiCaprio's acting was captivating. I highly doubt I would see this movie again but it was extremely beneficial in showing me aspects of 19th Century that I did not even know existed.

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Term Paper on Fall of Roman Empire

Term Paper on the Fall of Roman Empire

Within the centuries of our history many emperors have risen, but arguably there has not been one as great as the Roman Empire. Yet with such greatness trouble was not very far behind, and the Romans definitely had their fair share. From 31 BC to 476 A.D the Roman Empire went from being the most powerful annuity of the Mediterranean to nothing but ruble and stone. Succession, military, economic conflict, ethnic issues and barbarism were the five major factors that contributed to the downfall and destruction of this once great Empire.

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To begin this downfall of the Roman Empire we must look at the problems having to do due with succession. The empire had no solid stature for succession, a democratic system always seemed to be flawed and corrupted and hereditary successors were never established. The Romans could not quite grasp a democratic system without corruption and the idea of a hereditary successor was always neglected. Only after a long civil war was the first Emperor, Emperor Augustus and known as Octavian was appointed. As Rome was quite political, the senators had control over the armies, which made it very unclear where the military ended and the civil government began. A powerful general, Senator Marius, created a very great army by accepting anyone who would volunteer. This led to the army becoming a political voice and all property qualifications were diminished. Because of, Marius actions other generals would follow in his footsteps. After time the state could no longer afford to supply these armies with weapons, so because of these doing the generals had to support they're own armies. More and more wars broke-out, not only to expand the Empire and gain a larger amount of territories but also to profit of the losing opponents. Most soldiers were very loyal to they're generals, mostly because their livelihood was dependents on it. If there was no loyalty there was no pay. So soldiers followed generals anywhere even onto Roman grounds. For about 20 to 30 years, a period known as the Barracks Emperors, where about 30 different Emperors were appointed, civil wars had reached an alarming rate and the military strategies to maintain a powerful border to protect threats of surrounding attack was greatly needed.

The military was an extremely important element to the greatness of the Roman Empire, which in fact became the second factor of its demise. During the Barracks Emperors, loyal soldiers were in very high demand. Generals could not rely on the civil militia and members of the clergy, civil servants, bakers, cookers and personal servants were all exempted. So generals turned to volunteers were much more preferred because they were extremely committed in comparison to the conscript, who felt like they were being pressured into to be there and in return would just do as they pleased. Conscripts were also disloyal and would not take the time or effort to train and become professional soldiers. The strategies of the Roman military were quite poor. All soldiers were kept on the frontier of the Empire and although Rome did not have many enemies on the outskirts, civil war was becoming a very dangerous risk. As battles broke-out more manpower was taken from the frontier, which weakened the fortress and made it easier for other armies, such as the Barbarians to attack. When Emperor Constantine was appointed, he changed the military's tactics to something called "Defense in Depth." Instead of the army being spread across the whole frontier, it was divided into the two sections; border forces and frontier forces. At first, the "Defense in Depth" strategy was quite prosperous; with armies closer to the core of the empire, in theory this made it harder for invaders to penetrate. This strategy also eliminated costs for supporting an army that was spread over the entire frontier. Yet, problems did arise. Due to the division of the army, outside enemies were able to gain more ground within the Roman territories. At first the infantry was the center of the army with the cavalry at a close second but after a while the army became very dependent on the cavalry for it's military efforts. Costs for the cavalry's horses and maintenance became increasingly too much for the state to handle and it economy took many blows. These costly expenses eventually prevented the army to expand and they could no longer defend the empire great land mass.

With the weakening of the army, invasion became a very heavy concern. Not only did the military have to patrol the borders and protects it citizens, but they also had to prevent civil disputes from erupting. To up hold the necessary revenues for the army Rome created a system of taxation. Due to this taxation system major economic conflicts came into play within the Roman territories, which came to be the third factor in the decline of the Roman Empire. Since the senatorial classes were the founders of the laws governing the taxation they were automatically exempted from payment, which meant that 90% of the taxation money was taken from the lower class citizens. Once again did corruption showed its ugly head. Out of that 90%, 60 to 70% was just handed to the military. If there was no payment there was no army and if there was no army there was no peace and stability. In essence, the state only existed to support the militia. In order for the state to collect these taxes from the peasants, intimidating and ruthless tactics were established. Tax farming was one of the methods taken to in sure money was collected. Soon the expenses outweighed the incoming revenues and inflation settled in leading the state into totally bankruptcy. Due to such a rumble in the economy, the integration of barbarians seem to go slightly unnoticed. Roman eventually became so multicultural and multilingual the barbarian's presence was part of the every day life.

As the growth of the different cultures spread within Rome, it came apparent that the Barbarians were not going to stay loyal. This introduced Barbarisms as the fourth factor to the collapse of the Roman Empire. Many efforts were made to keep a client relationship with the barbarians. Offers to the chieftains like citizenship and money were proposed to persuade friendship and alliance and because of they're superior horsemanship many were added to the existing armies. Colonization was another proposal recommended to the Barbarians. Some foreigners became farm tenants, with many of the Roman landlords by their own accordance. At times entire communities would be accepted, disarmed and would subjugated as passive peace offerings. During the insanity of the Barrack Emperors, around 250 AD tribal chaos was erupting on the outskirts of the Roman Empire. At this point 30 to 40 drafted tribal soldiers aided in battles and there was no clear distinction between the Roman and the Barbarians. As things might have been in favor for the Roman, they made two major mistakes concerning the Barbarians. The first was allowing the Visi-Otho Goths to enter Rome without being disarmed. And the second was the vantage taken by the corrupt Senates against the starvation problems. The government would offer dog meat for the exchange of children that would be sold into slavery. The Visi-Otho Goths were outraged by this cruelty and in return built and army and conquered the Emperor of that time, Emperor Volense. The new reigning Emperor, Emperor Theodosis, made the Visi-Otho Goths a federated state, which was also known as Foederati after calling upon the Goths for support in winning the Frigid River battle. Soon the Roman emperors became dependent upon the Foederati and other barbarian tribes for assistance and in return for this assistance a reward was asked. Yet no reward was received, which caused a new battle to began and more support was needed. Because of the barbarization of the army and the relaxed fighting government, the Romans grew angry about the lack of discipline they had and wanted the same. Which ultimately led to the deterioration of this once so great Empire and all that it held.

The finally factor that caused the Roman Empire to crumble was the ethnic issues surrounding the population. For a period, citizenship was welcomed to any who were in alliance with Rome, to unify the populus on the basis of Roman customs, religion and laws. This was supposed to be a great decision but instead just caused segregation between the people. The elites and officials, not the emperors distributed most of the segregation. Emperor Claudius attempted to promote Rome's ethnic backgrounds to the barbarians and that staying in Rome would eventually get them to convert, but the senate had a different song to sing. Many stereotypes were passed around, most negative and belittling and the whole barbarian population was treated with hatred and contempt. Although of the Barbarians tried to prove themselves loyal and worthy the Romans continued to think of them as inferior and untrustworthy. Emperor Claudius vision of a unified Rome was diminished. Even as the barbarian advanced up in the social pyramid segregation became an increasingly worse. The idea of unifying Rome's people only steered towards another part of the empire's destruction.

Greatness is a hard thing to hold on to, poor decisions, greed, corruption and discrimination played great parts in the collapse of the Roman Empire. At the height of the Empire the population reached a height of 1.5 millions citizens and by the end of its downfall there was only a mere 20,000. With the 5 factors, all having improvement in mind, created a vicious cycle of failure that kept on plaguing this once so glorious Empire. Its greatness will be forever known within our history and maybe lessons could be learned from its demise.

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Research Paper on Civil Rights

Between 1866 up to today, historical evolution of affirmative action has taken place in the United States. The events that took place have both pros and cons to it, and even some may affect our future academic choices, adult life, and career. Many of these events include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1968, the Bakke v Regents of California 1978, and the Supreme Court Rulings: University of Michigan, June 23, 2003. Most of these events involve citizenship and civil rights as a US citizen.

During the 1860's a new amendment was added to the Constitution, which is known as the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment was added to the Constitution because blacks feared that the Supreme Court would deny them citizenship and that they would overturn the Civil Rights Act. The 14th amendment states that anyone born in the United States is granted citizenship. The 14th amendment also guaranteed equal protection under law and that no state could deprive a person of life, liberty, and property without due process under law. The pros of this law was that it guaranteed citizenship to anyone born in the United States, equal protection of the laws, and that no state could deprive a person of life, liberty, and property without due process under law. The cons of this law was that the law did not mention citizenship to former slaves not born in the United States, and also that any place of accommodation or facilities did not have to be equal to others. The 14th amendment affected our future because it gave us citizenship and as we grow to be adults, this amendment supports the right to vote.

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Through the 1860's Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The main idea of the act was to declare that anyone born in the United States is a citizen, regardless to race or color. Any person who denied these rights to former slaves was guilty of a crime and faced a fine and/or imprisonment not exceeding a year. The pros of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was that it gave African Americans or any minority a chance to be a normal citizen, and it also allowed them to have a normal American citizen rights such as to sue, purchase, sell, or inherit. The cons of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is that it brought began to start a terror group called the Ku Klux Klan, and once the Ku Klux Klan emerged the guarantee of the civil rights of African Americans began to fall. Another negatives are that the population of the United States increased dramatically, in addition if an immigrant in the US has a child, the child is a citizen and the parent isn't which leads to more immigration and a higher population. This affects us greatly because all people of our generation have mainly been born in the United States. We have all experienced this act and we all wouldn't be here if it wasn't for the act.

During 1875, the Civil Rights Act was passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 stated that everyone within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have full and equal enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, and theaters of amusement. The pros of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was that it gave every citizen, regardless race and color, the equal and full enjoyment of public places. This allowed everyone to have an equal opportunity to enjoy his or her surroundings. The cons of this act is that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 goes against the 14th amendment because it says that any state shall make or enforce any law which abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the US. Instead of state, it should say states, persons, or corporations. Another con is that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 lead to the Jim Crow Laws and the rise of terrorist groups. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 will affect our future because it allow the public places for every citizen of the United States to enjoy.

In the 1950's another Civil Rights Act was introduced called the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Civil Rights Act gave power to the federal government to interfere with states that did not allow African Americans the right to vote. The act also gave the federal government the power to stop states from denying black suffrage. The pros of this act was that it enforced voting rights, especially for black people, and it also allowed the federal to investigate discriminatory in states. The cons of this act were that it gave the federal government extra power over the states instead of a state taking care of its own affair. This act can affect our future in a way that gave the minority groups, such as blacks, the right to vote and that discriminatory man be reduced in the future.

In 1964 a new act was passed and it was called the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The act made racial discrimination in public places, such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels illegal. The act also called for employers to provide equal employment opportunities. The pros of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were that it tried to give every citizen equal opportunity regarding race and color. The Act also tried to stop racial discrimination throughout public places. The cons of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was that it interfered with the first amendment of the Constitution, freedom of speech because people should be able to speak their mind in public places. Another con of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is that it did not mention equal employment opportunity for gender. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 can affect our future because it can allow all races to have an equal employment opportunity and it can again slow down or stop racial slurs and discrimination.

In 1968 Congress adopted a new act called the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The act basically guaranteed open housing to all citizens of the United States. This act aloud anyone to sell or rent a house with the exception of owner-occupied homes sold directly by the owner. The Pros of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 included that the federal government would protect the people's civil rights, and the act also guaranteed open housing, the sale or rental of a house, also known as fair housing. The cons of the act was that there was nothing accomplished in inner cities for the majority of America's black people and that the nation began to separate become unequal. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 can affect our future because it allows us to conduct the selling or renting of a house.

The case of Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke started when affirmative action came before the Supreme Court in 1978. The case was about a student named Allan Bakke, who was white, which was denied admission to the university's medical school although his scores were higher than other students admitted. Bakke argued that he was being discriminated because he was white. The Supreme Court agreed with him because although schools could take race or ethnic background into consideration for variety, a quota system was not legal. The pros of this decision is that the racial quota system violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that it also violated the equal protection clause in the 14th amendment. Some good things that also came out of this case were that bakke won he would be admitted to medical school, also that now because of this case white people will not lose out on jobs to less qualified people because of affirmative action. The cons of the decision are that majorities have to get in by high score and minorities could get in because of their race and color and that they are minorities. This could affect our future in such a way that minorities can still get their fair shot without white people getting unfair conditions either, this case made it even for both sides.

On June 23, 2003 the US Supreme court sustained the right of universities to consider race in admissions procedures in order to achieve a diverse student body. This means that race will not be a major factor in the admission process yet it will still be a factor. This gives the more intelligent students a better chance of being accepted. It also restricts colleges to deny anyone because of their racial background being a minority or white. The negative are that minorities will have difficulty getting accepted into top colleges. With that being said the diversity of colleges is going to decrease.

This decision by the Supreme Court has a great affect on the chances of our college acceptances. Now that race is not a major factor the more qualified student will have a better chance of being accepted. Yet race is still a factor and with this decision the percent of minorities in top schools are going to decrease dramatically. The minorities are going to have biggest disadvantage from this ruling because the number of top minorities is low but now they will have a tougher time of being accepted.

From the Civil Rights Act of 1866 up to Today, the United States and its government have tried to balance out citizenship for all. During that time period, the United States has tried to come up with solutions so that everyone is promised life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

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Term Paper on Harlem Renaissance

African Americans, though such an integral part of the nation's history, fail to receive the due attention they deserve in all of their literary accomplishments. The Renaissance of the twentieth century that took place in New York is so often ignored when, in actuality, so much was contributed to the world of arts by such a degraded and derided people. It is time for more time then just a day in February to remember Martin Luther King to be spent on the myriad works of the African Americans. This revolution of ideas and spirit was known as the Harlem Renaissance. This time period entailed the beginning of the raising of African Americans' social status, both economically and politically. Though not completely accepted by the society at large, they still had the strength to make a difference. Thus, within their own communities, grand steps were made. From such communities evolved the beauty of jazz music.

Making bounds in education, drama, music, and literature alike, this Harlem Renaissance was also known as the "New Negro Movement," an accurate name for the rebirth of African Americans previously under great tension. No longer were the writings of the African Americans considered dangerous and unworthy, rather they were now being read and written as much as those of the whites. A new genre of literature had been born with the African Americans. Seeking to correct the false stereotypes and images portrayed of African Americans by the whites, African Americans created a strong sense of understanding of what being Black meant in those times. Such writings instigated racial pride and confidence that gave Blacks a meaning to their lives instead of just being a "nigger."

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Realizing that America was not yet the racial equal country that it idealized to be, African Americans made sure to keep themselves conscious of what society would react to them. In order to create successful and meaningful literature, African American writers were forced to fully educate themselves on the government and history so as to compile accurate literature. One such writer was James Weldon Johnson; taking on the persona of a black preacher, he was able to greatly impress upon the black community how important it was to have a strong faith in God and in oneself. Catapulting the 1920s artistic movement that created a bulk of the first major literary pieces by African Americans, Johnson was the ancestor of great men and women such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, and W.E.B. Du Bois.

Langston Hughes is often called the poet laureate of Harlem. His poetry is an effective commentary on the adverse conditions faced by blacks in America during the 20th Century. Hughes placed a particular emphasis on Harlem, an area in New York that was predominately Black, which became a Mecca for many hopeful blacks in the first half of the 1900's. Hughes has a theme in most of his poetry, in other words his writing style was to write poetry that is called "dream deferred". His use of a "dream deferred" focus in several poems paints a vivid picture of the disappointment and dismay that blacks in America faced in Harlem. Furthermore, as each his poems develop, so does the feeling behind a "dream deferred," his words make the reader feel the growing anger and seriousness even more at each new stanza.

In order to understand Hughes' idea of the "dream deferred," one must have a working knowledge of the history of Harlem. It was first intended to be the home of an upper class white community, many fancy brownstones attracted wealthy whites. Between 1906 and 1910, when whites were forcing blacks out of their own homes and neighborhoods in uptown Manhattan, the blacks began to move into Harlem to create their communities again. Due to absurd racial fears, the whites in the area began to move out. Between 1910 and the early 1940's, more blacks began flooding into the area for a safe harbor from all over the world, fleeing from the racial intolerance of the South and the economic problems of the Caribbean and Latin America. At this point, Harlem became an entirely black area where comfort was created for all of them. Although it seemed to be a good thing, this town once filled with much potential, soon became riddled with overpopulation, exploitation, and poverty. Thus, what awaited new arrivals was not a dream; rather, it was "a dream deferred". They began to hurt themselves without even knowing it.

"Harlem", Hughes' first poem, clearly outlines the "dream deferred" theme, setting the pace for the poems to follow. The poem begins with, "What happens to a dream deferred?" The poem explains the dream, the promise of Harlem, and what blacks hoped to find there: opportunity, improved conditions for living, and the freedom from racial intolerance.

When blacks arrived in Harlem, though, their dream was deferred; instead of the opportunities they had envisioned, they were faced with congestion, mistreatment, and dearth. It is clear that at the beginning of "Harlem," the frame of mind that accompanies "a dream deferred" is a questioning one that begins a search for characterization. This mood, which Hughes develops as each poem progresses, encourages the reader to reflect upon the meaning of "a dream deferred," is preparing them for its development. As the poem continues, it lists the different possible fates of a dream that unfortunately never become reality.

Hughes unique poetical vision and insight is the main reason for Hughes' prominence. He sometimes has been considered a superior poet than Countee Cullen. Since Cullen had documented his disagreements with Hughes' poetry, many claimed that he was limited in vision. However, Cullen did agree with Hughes' poetical subject matter. Hughes believed, and practiced, that any aspect of life common to African-Americans was worth writing about. He stated that it was best to include Afro-speech in poetry. It is evident that in Hughes' point of view black life was worth philosophizing about. On the other hand, Cullen did not believe that poetry should be used to describe daily life; he believed that poetry should be specifically set apart from everyday life. It was this type of perceptual limitation that set Hughes apart from other African-American poets, including Cullen. Although his views were different, Countee Cullen was also a greatly significant personality during the Harlem Renaissance. It was said that he was an "American poet, a leading figure with Langston Hughes in the Harlem Renaissance." His work is also an excellent contribution to the foundation of the Renaissance.

In Countee Cullen's poem 'If You Should Go', he emphasizes on the understanding of human joys and sorrows, for people of all races. The use of different examples exhibits the importance of joy, such as love and dream. Both of the stanzas include a persons feeling or reaction towards joy during happy moments as well as the feelings after the joyous moment has passed. In this poem, Cullen cleverly conveys several different messages to the reader. One of the themes of the poem is that one never realizes what he/she has until it is lost. In this case it refers to joyous moments. In the second stanza, the poet also tells the reader that joy creates an everlasting memory in a person's mind that is then exhibited in the person's personality or "the gleam on the [persons] face". Although, Cullen does not mention whom the love is directed towards in the first stanza, and neither what the dream is about in the second stanza the reader can interpret that it has been said in a positive manner. Using a classic example of metaphor, love is compared to the light that brightens a day just the way in which joys brightens people's lives. Not only in this poem, but also in each of Cullen's poem he displays this same ingenious writing style. Cullen's contribution to the Harlem Renaissance is a privilege for the era. All of the writers created an amazing outreach to the rest of the world with their different and unique pieces of work.

The writers of the time period described the Negro dilemma: the problem of cultural affiliation and the inability to resolve the seamy reality of the present with the dream of ancestral homelands. They explain the paradoxical crisis of self-expression and perception, fulfillment of the white-propagated stereotype of primitivism, while corrupting their noble, yet untamed African impulses. They suffer under the dilemma of political inefficacy, suppressing radical political impulses with the passive-resistant front of a "falsely smiling face." Thus, the Negro dilemma seemingly presents itself in full. The writers of the Harlem Renaissance have gracefully portrayed the truth of what the past was like for them, and people today need to recognize that they went through all of this in order to be what they are today. They are a tremendous contribution to the society of the United States today, and without them it most likely would not be as well rounded and diversified as it is now.

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Research Paper on the Federal Reserve Bank

The Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) was created to reduce the risk of a repeat of the financial panics that occurred in the United States before its creation in 1913. The official objective of the Fed is to ensure the financial strength and stability of the nation's banking system. The Fed regulates and examines the nation's depository institutions to reach its objective. Also, it serves as a central bank that cashes checks drawn on the Treasury Bank, places currency into circulation and initiates fund transfers between depository institutions. The Fed splits the country into twelve districts, each of which is served by a separate district office of the Fed.

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The New York Federal Reserve Bank (FRBNY), employing over three-thousand people, serves all of the state of New York, northern New Jersey, a part of Connecticut, and all of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. While geographically serving the smallest area compared to most other Fed banks, FRBNY processes the most assets and has the largest volume of activity of any of the banks.

In addition to its main office, the FRBNY also has a branch office in Buffalo, and two regional offices: one in Utica, NY and one in East Rutherford, NJ. Both regional offices are charged with handling check clearing for their respective geographical areas. Between the two offices, they process 5.6 million checks per day. When a check is presented for deposit at a depository institution, the bank deposits the check usually at its regional Fed office or local branch.

FRBNY is the largest user of two types of electronic funds transfer payment systems (EFT). One system, Fedwire, transfers large payments between Fed offices, depository institutions and government agencies. Last year, the Fedwire system transferred $1.5 trillion per day in funds and $760 billion in securities, with the vast majority of those transactions originating from the New York Fed. The other transfer payment system is called Automated Clearing House (ACH) and is used to reduce the use of paper checks. These systems are typically used for automatically paying bills, direct deposit of payroll and Social Security checks and other routine payments. In 1999, ACH processed 4.8 billion transactions worth $14 trillion. Of that, the New York Fed processed $3 trillion.

Located five stories below street level at the FRBNY, there exists $75 billion dollars worth of gold and hundreds of billions of dollars more in securities. The vault at the FRBNY contains the largest concentration of gold in the world, and amounts to one-quarter of the world's gold supply. It is also the only Fed bank that is permitted to have gold in its possession.

The New York Federal Reserve Bank is distinct from the other reserve banks in that it is the only bank that intervenes in foreign exchange (FX) markets. While it is rare that the Fed intervenes, it is done to counter disorderly international market conditions. In the last seven years, the bank has only intervened twice. The role that the New York bank plays is that it is responsible for actually executing the FX interventions.

Also making the New York bank distinct is that it conducts open market operations. To reach its objectives of monetary policy, it buys and sells government securities in the open or "secondary" market. This adjusts the level of reserves that the bank holds, so that the Fed can either help or hold back the current shift of funds in the market. For the short-term, this helps the interest rate and the monetary supply.

The New York Federal Reserve Bank acts on behalf of the central Fed to provide services to over 200 foreign banks, central governments and international official economic institutions. Among these services is the cashing of checks drawn on US dollars in foreign countries. Since the foreign banks have accounts at the Fed, the New York Fed credits the accounts of the foreign banks for the amount of the check. The New York Fed was involved in $10 million of funds transfers for foreign accounts.

The bank holds over $800 billion in currency and securities and gold for foreign banks and governments. In addition, the bank holds, at no charge to the institution, $64 billion in gold for foreign banks and governments. The FRBNY has assets of over $261 billion dollars, consisting mostly of US Government securities. Its liabilities total $257 billion, most of that being Federal Reserve notes.

Currently there is $525 billion of US currency in circulation. Interestingly, the majority of the American cash in circulation is not in America. The process of putting cash into circulation involves the Fed distributing the cash to depository institutions, which further distribute the cash to its customers via withdrawals. The banks pay for the cash that they receive from the Fed out of their reserve account with the Fed.

When currency in circulation makes its way back to the Fed, it is processed by a high-speed currency processor. For the FRBNY, this processor is located at the East Rutherford Operations Center. In 1997, 45% of all notes received by EROC were destroyed. Typical reasons for destroying notes include suspected counterfeit money, worn money and old bills (such as $100 bills being replaced by new-style bills). The typical life span of a $1 bill is 18 months, due to its more frequent use compared to the $100 bill, which lasts 9 years.

The Federal Reserve's initial task of maintaining the strength and stability of the nation's banking system continues through the day. During the current economic recession, the Federal Reserve Bank has and will continue to use its economic regulatory powers to help the economy pull out of the recession smoothly.

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Term Paper on Harassment

Sexual harassment is any kind of sexual behavior that is unwelcome and/ or inappropriate for the work place. There are four examples of sexual harassment: making sexual advances, making solicitations, making sexual requests, and making demands for sexual compliance. This includes verbal harassment and visual harassment such as posters, cartoons, and drawings. Sexual harassment has an impact on men, but it has a larger impact on women in the world today.

In some jobs women get grabbed by there bosses, and they often feel like they can't tell anyone or they will lose their job. This is one of the four types of sexual harassment. Another one is hostile environment, which is when an employer feels uncomfortable about his sex around his or her supervisor. This does not include demands for exchanges for job benefits. If one employee is telling sexual related jokes or comments and the other employee got offended by them, then it would be sexual harassment. But if they were joking together then it would not be. Sexual harassment is often thought of as a man harassing a women but it can be women harassing a man.

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Sexual harassment is also found outside the workplace. They just recently updated a law that says you can sue one another for sexual harassment even if it is outside the workplace. For example, a doctor touches women in a place where she feels uncomfortable and the place he is touching has nothing to do with why she is there. She also tells him to stop but he continues to do it. Here are a couple of examples who could be harassers in their business that can be sued:

1. A person's physician, psychotherapist, or dentist
2. Attorneys
3. Marriage, family or child counselors, licensed clinical social workers, and masters of social work
4. Real estate agents and real estate appraisers
5. Teachers

In order for the sexual harassment to be illegal the victim must have made a remark to let the harasser to know to stop the behavior. The victim must not be able to leave the situation without any trouble. It doesn't mean they have to be restrained.

There is a case where a man grabbed a women's breast in a bar. This would not be considered sexual harassment outside the work place. It could be assault or battery. The only reason it wouldn't be sexual harassment is because it is outside the work office. If it were a boss who grabbed his employee inside the office it would be taken to court and would be sexual harassment. In some cases the employer may not discipline the employ/harasser due to the rights of the accused. If you hear that another employee is being sexual harassed it is your duty as a manager to investigate.

In the Military sexual harassment and discrimination still go on to this day. A researcher named Richard J. Hurns analyzed a 1988 DOD Survey of men and women in the military and found that51.8% of men and 74.6% of women reported either experiencing or knowing of sexual harassment. Of the women being surveyed, 70% had experienced sexual talk or behavior at the workplace that had created an offensive or intimidating environment. Some men said the same thing but only 36.9% were being talked to that way.

The percentage of women being sexually harassed is much higher than the percentage of men. Even though that it not tolerated, it still happens regardless of the consequences, even in the nineties. Some women have had similar experiences to those of black men; their integration into the military has also differed in several ways. Because of our society's fundamental belief that protecting the home and going to war is a man's work, men from black society have often been accepted more readily in the military than women.

This is taking place because women have been viewed as outsiders in a male environment. This also occurs for women because we are entering a male dominated area. There are still some areas restricted because of it. For example: serving in direct combat capacities such as armor, infantry, and special forces-branches from which much of senior leadership is drawn.

In 1994, the annual Personnel survey in the military was given out and it included women's role for the first time. Some 65% of officers and almost 50% of enlisted responders said they did not think women were fully accepted in combat roles. While almost 80% said that harassment was not tolerated at their command, almost half of all responders disagreed that everyone is treated equally in promotions and advancements.

Some of this is based on the presumed physical and psychological characteristics of women that may interfere with their performances of some military jobs; a military leader was caught telling someone this. The physical strength of women is not enough to lift and carry things that men carry. Also, the leader said that women could not carry a wounded soldier. Another thing that he said was that women do not perform strenuous tasks quickly, and combat is not for the weak and slow.

Although allowing women in combat remains a top priority, women are now serving in all of the career fields in the military. The Army, Marine Corps, and even the Navy are all improving which is a shock to me because you would figure that they would be the ones who would not let women perform in all career fields. But there is still sexual harassment in all of the military fields. The rising number of women being recruited is not due to any idealistic vision of the right of women to serve their country in uniform, but simply because it is the law.

One might say that women are getting recruited because the military is in desperate need of people in the military. Some say that the needs for recruits now are for people that are intelligent and well educated, and that is why a shrinking amount of males are not qualifying candidates.

Some current estimates, there are 191, 399 women that are on active duty in all four branches of the U.S Armed Forces, accounting for the 12.7% of all in the Army, Navy, and Marine Personnel. In 1995, women accounted for 13.2% of all officers and 12.6% of all enlisted personnel. 16% of all active duty Air Force is women, followed by 13% of the Army, 12% of the Navy, and 4.6% of the Marines.

Sexual harassment is believed to be increasing, but a lot of sexual harassment goes unreported. Most women are afraid to report their cases for fear of being thrown out of their job or military. Also, they do not know where to go or what to do about it. Women can get the feeling of not trusting anyone for two reasons. One, almost all commanding ranks are taken by men, and two, men are more likely to help someone of the same gender then the other.

Sexual harassment affects both men and women in schools across the world. Students around the world were surveyed about what characteristics are the targets of sexual harassment. The answers were looks, gestures, jokes, and sexual comments. There were 76% of girls that agreed with this and 56% of boys. 11% of the students reported being forced to do something that they did not want to do other than kissing. This included 13% of girls and 9% of boys.

Sexual harassment has an affect on all students in school. For example, educational, emotional, and physical development can be affected, although girls report more problems then the boys do. Also, 33% of girls said that they did not want to attend school compared with 12% of boys who suffered from sexual harassment.

There are seven main contributing factors in sexual harassment. One, is social norms encourage it which means that your friends tell you to do it. Second, is the lack of clear communication, which is that the person who sexually harassed someone did not even know that they were doing it? Third, is sex role stereotyping which means the person that got sexually harassed got pissed off because they were of the opposite sex? Fourth, an adult attitude that is when an adult is getting on you about something that you should have not been doing. Fifth, is the lack of sexual harassment policy or procedure, which is that a school does not really enforce their laws or does not do anything about it? Sixth, the lack of following through which means that if a school has a law but they do not do anything to the person if they do commit a sexual harassment crime. Seventh, is the target does not report it which means that the person is scared of losing a job or getting harassed even more.

I have never really seen anyone get sexually harassed but I have some pretty strong beliefs on the issue. One being that when someone harasses a woman it may be a joke to the person who is harassing but it may scare the person being harassed. For example, if a man at his workplace says something very derogatory to a women and the whole day she may feel like crap if she is sensitive. She also may not form her tasks as if he would have not said anything to her. But in most cases I think that people really do not even mean to harass them, they just are acting how they would normally act but say something they may offend someone.

I also believe that it happens both to men and women but the major issue is the women. I know if I got sexually harassed I would not turn it in to the police because of the simple fact that people would say things that would make me feel even worse. That is why I think that you do not see a lot about men being sexually harassed on the T.V. The major cases are about women mostly and how someone said something about her or her body.

One issue that pops to my head is what if it happened to my mother? I would be really mad at that guy and would want him to get the correct punishment and the longest term. I know people that are getting sexually harassed and there sons probably feel the same way I do or maybe if it was your wife or even your children. That would make me want to do something to that person and I would be the one going to jail because I would be a very mad person.

In doing this research paper I have came to the conclusion that you really do not here a lot about people getting sexually harassed. Also, people around the world are getting sexually harassed everyday and a lot of the crimes are not getting turned in because of being afraid of losing their job. Sexual harassment has a huge impact on men and women in the world today we just do not hear about it or we do not see it.

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Research Paper on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven"

Research Paper Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven"

In the poem, "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe, a simple bird harasses the narrator. The narrator drifts off to sleep when suddenly there's someone tapping at his door, in which he believes to be nothing more than a late night visitor. It is apparent that the narrator is depressed over the loss of the love of his life, who he refers to as a "rare and radiant maiden who the angels name Lenore." The effects of the chilling night has the narrator's nerves uneasy, the movement of his curtains sends thrills of shear terror through him that he's never experienced before. As he calms him self down by repeating that it is just a mere late night visitor at his door.

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He then makes the kind gesture to apologize to the visitor for his long apprehension to open the door, blaming it on his nap, but as he opens the door there's nothing there. Believing that maybe he had been sucked into a dream, he peers out into the darkness were he murmurs the word "Lenore" and the words were repeated by his guest. Then inside the house by the windowsill, there came a tapping that was much louder than the one before. As the narrator opened the shutters, then there came a raven that flew in and situated itself upon a statue above the door. Now, I don't know if the narrator had any mental problems, or rather the raven was a figment of his imagination. But there are some comments pertaining to the raven, which can assist in finding out whether the raven was real or not. Basically, since the raven actually was seen by the narrator flying into his home, should be the most consequential piece of evidence. Next, (which I believe was meant in a jokingly way), the narrator speaks to the raven asking why it has drifted from the shore to his residence. Next, the author says quoth the raven "Nevermore," practically implying that the bird might infact have the ability to talk. The narrator continues to speak to the raven, but the only response obtained is "Nevermore." Then begins to challenge many theories of why the bird is in the state its in, one of his ideas is that once it had an abusive keeper, and the only word it now knows is "Nevermore." Then the narrator admits to being on some drug called Nepenthe, that he was taking to get over the lost of Lenore, and begins to babble how God had sent the raven. He pleads with the raven to tell him whether or not hes a "bird or devil," and even refers to the bird as a prophet. He ask the raven whether or not if Lenore had been seen in Eden, but the bird replies "Nevermore." And as the story ends it seems as if the bird will haunt the man for ever, as if maybe it were sent as a constant reminder of his dear love Lenore. Promising an life's eternity of unhappiness.

One thing that I would like to point out is that I enjoyed the way that the author sets the mood of the story by using words that helps you paint a picture of where the story could take place. I liked specifically how he referenced the color of the furniture in the house, which was purple and violet. He also states how the chair that he sat in while he pondered the true intentions of the bird, was made of velvet. There were other clues like the silk purple curtains and the dreary night; if everything was brought together I formed an image of his chambers as being somewhat identical to those of the Christmas story, Scrooge. Maybe located somewhere in England, back in a time where the use of lamplight was the main form of electricity.

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Term Paper on Happiness

You work very hard to get a good education so you can get a good job, so you can make good money. After you get a good job you get longer hours. The more hours you get the more money you get; the more money you get the more things you can have. So you're working like crazy to buy yourself expensive things and when you finally get a moments rest you stop and think, am I really happy? Do you really need all there things to provide yourself with true happiness or is it just an illusion that material things can buy us happiness?

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Some people think that they couldn't live without all their precious belongings but others would happily throw them away. It is hard to look at people and find a reasonable answer to the question can happiness be bought. Because happiness is such a simple thing I am going to look at the simple cat. Cats have very few possessions yet they seem to enjoy their life thoroughly. They have everything they need to be happy so why shouldn't they be? Cats have a reliable friend and companion in their owner. They are constantly loved and they can always find something or someone to play with. These animals are simply happy.

If you are thinking that you can also buy simple happiness think about how long everything you buy keeps you happy. When you spend all your money on a brand new game and you realize you have no one to play it with are you still happy then? Or would you be happier if you were out laughing with your friend, for free. You go buy a new movie and watch it three times. The first time its hilarious, the second time its funny, the third time your sick of it. When you get a new pair of shoes you wear them and show them off. After time they get dirty and you see someone else with the same pair. You begin to get tired of them and you toss them aside. True simple happiness lasts, you never tire of the simple things in life.

So no matter how many things you have you still won't be happy if you have nobody to share it with. If you have no true friend and nobody who loves you buying things won't make it change. Loneliness cannot be changed by dollar bills. True friends can't be bought at the store and love isn't sold in a bottle. You can't acquire these things through money. These are things you get with your heart, the thing farthest from money. Even the poorest person can have happiness if they have someone to love. Its amazing what money can buy but if you can't get happiness then it isn't even worth all the money in the world.

In a time where almost everything has a price and so much is for sale you start to wonder what you can't buy. You can buy yourself anything if you have the money. All the gadgets in the world are yours if you can afford them. Yours, are the fastest cars and the biggest houses as long as you can pay the price. If you don't like you how you look you can buy a new face. If you think your fat, money can easily change that. You can buy yourself so much but when does it all end? With what you can't buy company, laughter, or a true friend. These things can bring you a simple, true happiness.

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Term Paper on Gay Marriage

The legalization of gay marriage is a topic that has been argued in our society for several years. This is also a theme that most people oppose because it is very hard to accept same sex marriage between couples. There are several debates without outcomes we have had over the past several years to seek the right for gay people to marry because it is very difficult to throw away all what that is called moral, virtual, tradition and the nature law of life to do whatever people like. As Scott Bidstrup explains, "The fact that they people are not comfortable with the idea stems primarily from the fact that for many years, society has promoted the idea that a marriage between member of the same sex ludicrous" (Bidstrup2). So then to maintain these natural law and moral values, gay people should not be married legally.

To begin, the civil and legal rights of individuals in married should be discussed. As we know marriage is a basic right of the people, so nobody can oppose and force someone to marry with someone else. This means that one can marry whomever he or she wishes. However I think that this rule does not apply for gay people, because when rules are made, it is usually based on real life, moral values, and natural law. Hence, most people are against gay marriage. A survey records that nearly three people in four in The United States oppose gay marriage, most of them tend to protect gay rights but not their institution of marriage. People think that the same sex marriage is against man's morals, and it is really not suitable in society. As Scott Bidstrup explains, "The fact that people are not comfortable with the idea stems primarily from the fact that for many years, society has promoted the idea that a marriage between members of the same sex is ludicrous story" (Bidstrup 5).

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In the same way, marriage is not only the basic right of people, but also the essential in order to have a happiness life. From the past to present, a mode of tradition family includes a wife or a woman, a husband or a man, and the children. In contrast, gay marriage is a combination of same sex partners. It is absolutely against the natural law, so same sex families will be very hard to achieve a happy life when most people discriminate against them. In essence, same sex marriage is just about sex, therefore it is considered like a sexual perversion (Bidstrup2).

The meaning of marriage and the differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals are also reasons for the argument about gay marriage. Heterosexual marriage is defined as an institution between man and woman, marriage is the basis of family life, and families are central to civilization. As Dunlap assents, "There is nothing to discuss and radical about the position that the family has a man and a woman as its nucleus. This tradition structure cannot be expanded to embrace gay couples" (Dunlap 1). This means that homosexuals cannot and will never be accepted in our society because it is something that people never thought about before. I do not oppose one being a gay, but I really do not agree that they should marry. Marriage is the most important social institution, and it is a formality for the perpetuation of procreation; hence same sex marriage cannot meet this requirement. In other words, same sex marriage does not aid in procreation, which sustains our species. Same sex marriage will destroy our society.

Another reason that is also offered for opposing gay marriage is based on the assumption that gays have a choice in which they feel attracted to each other. Some people actually believe that gays can simply choose to be heterosexual if they wished. It means that same sex marriage is only the way people use to satisfy their sexual desires. Although we know that the decision whether or not to marry belongs properly to individuals and not the government, we must consider the morality of same sex marriage. What we must consider here is man's morals, not issues between individuals and the government, so same sex marriage cannot be accepted. In fact, there is only one state in the United States that has legalized gay marriages. That state is Vermont. Some personal ideas as Senator David Klarich in Missouri State also declared that same sex couples marriage are invalid and will not be recognized, even if validity where contracted. The writer Dunlap also points out, "Homosexual marriages are not now legally recognized anywhere in the nation" (Dunlap1).

Finally, a reason that we cannot forget when debating about gay marriage is children. Some believe that although gay couples cannot produce children, they can have adopted children and fulfill a social need. That may seem like a good idea, but I am sure that there must be differences between a child who grows up in an environment with same sex couples than with regular heterosexual parents. What do they think? How do they feel? It may be that children who grow up in gay parented family have good physical health, but it is questionable concerning their mental welfare. The mental health of people is what society usually cares about.

In conclusion, all the arguments are against reforming gay marriage because they believe that the same sex marriage to be anti-family. Marriage creates families and promotes social stability, and same sex marriage does nothing to aid this idea. All living things are created by combination between males and females, and its purpose in life is to procreate. People cannot and should not go against this natural law. All in all, same sex marriage does not qualify as natural. For these reasons, gay marriage should not be legalized.

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Term Paper on Harry Potter

I appear for the outraged fans of the Harry Potter series. We submit that the trial judge was incorrect in finding that the book was not of sufficient literary merit to warrant the acclaim it had been given and that there was no reason why the book should be read as a set text in schools, and that given the importance of modelling appropriate behaviour in young people and the need for strong morals in a fragmenting world, the Harry Potter series was unacceptable as a set text and that it should be removed immediately. I will address the first point of appeal and my colleague Jacinta Yelland with address the second. I will argue that the judge was incorrect in saying the Harry Potter story lacked literary merit due to it'­s fantasy genre and its world wide popularity. My colleague will then argue that the judge Fandoogleberry was incorrect in saying that the book promoted an inappropriate as Harry Potter can be viewed as an appropriate role model and that the moral ideologies are relevant to the young reading age.

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I will now address the first point of appeal. The trial judge was incorrect in finding the book lacking in literary merit on two main grounds; these are that the book is one of fantasy, and should be read that way, and that the immense popularity of the book far out ways the problems with it's values. I will begin with a selection of quotes from Peter Hollindale.

These disconnected statements can all be related to the Harry Potter series. I will explain these further as I attend to my first argument. In referring to the essay "Should we Burn Babar?" , the writer recollects of his own daughters experiences with outlawed products. His daughters had requested barbie dolls, and had argued that they knew the difference between a toy and what was expected of them. This symbol can be used in relation to Harry Potter. JK Rowling's books are fantasy. They are designed to be read with commonsense and not continued on into the everyday life of the reader. The book wouldn't be placed in the reference section of a library. It would hold pride of place in the fiction section, ready to inspire children to fight their battles with, according to Professor Dumbledore when he referred to Harry's conquering of the evil Voldermort at the end of the first book, with pure nerve and outstanding bravery and to nurture the reader'­s imagination with arousing statements like "Harry looked upwards and saw a velvety black ceiling, dotted with stars". It is these enticing phrases and imagination provoking sentences that condure up a fantasy aura around JK Rowlings Harry Potter book.

The world-renowned Times Magazine was quoted to say that "JK Rowling has woken up a whole generation to reading"­. The general feeling towards reading among children is one of disarray. The range of tastes among ten year olds can range from Godzilla to Jane Austin. There are also many children not subjected to reading at all. It is important to cater for these less interested readers preferences. On the average, Harry Potter fulfils these needs. He is an easy character to relate to and encounters interesting obstacles, for example; invisitability cloakes and mirrors that let you see your ultimate desire. These exciting predicaments make the book a must read for the inquisitive younger audience.

I will conclude with a statement from a person that knows the ins and outs of the Harry Potter stories more that anyone else in the world. JK Rowling was quoted in the article "A Good Scare"­, as saying that "My Daughter doesn'­t have a play station"–She is desperate for one"–I don'­t like the idea that they'­re going to be blowing people up"–with no thought for what it really means. I think there is a vast difference between that and seeing a character you care about dying in a book, experiencing those emotions, working through things that we all have to face at some point." The unsuitable nature that the opposition to Harry Potter claim as an argument could be seen as an educational tool for the younger generation of readers to apply to their own real life problems.

I have explained to you the literary merit the book holds, I will now pass on to my Colleague, Jacinta Yelland, who will argue the ideology value of the Harry Potter book.

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Research Paper on Hermes

Hermes, the messenger of Zeus, had a very interesting life. He is one of the most popular gods because of his statue in every gymnasium throughout Greece. His statue is also at the entrance of the stadium in Olympia. Hermes is a highly-developed god with cunningness. He is the Master of thieves but was liked by most people. Hermes invented many things throughout his life. Even before he was a day old. The Greek post office also has Hermes as its official symbol. As a person Hermes was connected to many items, has many jobs, has offsprings, and was a bright god.

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Hermes has many physical features that was special to him. There was always three things that he was associated with. This is shown by stating, "He wears winged sandals, a winged hat, and carries a musical wand" (Hermes). Hermes is most known for his winged sandals. He uses the sandals to fly around because he is the messenger God and the God that takes the dead souls to Hades in the Underworld. Hermes also has a wand that he got from Apollo. Hermes invented the pipes and he made Apollo desire for the instrument. So Apollo gave him a wand for the pipes. The website writes, "Hermes symbol of office as divine messenger was his staff, or caduceus. This was originally a willow wand with entwined ribbons, traditional badge of the herald. But the ribbons were eventually depicted as snakes" (Skidmore). To make the staff into a myth they said that Hermes used the caduceus to pull apart two fighting snakes which then enlaced together in peace. The final physical attribute that was given to Hermes was a hat of straw. The website shows this by stating, "It was Hermes' job to convey dead souls to the Underworld. And as patron of travelers, he was often shown in a wide-brimmed sun hat of straw" (Skidmore). Hermes did not dress like a God. The clothes he was seen wearing was usually that of a traveler, workman, or shepherd. Hermes has these items with him because they are important to him.

According to a legend, Hermes was born in a cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. He was extremely smart as a newborn but was also a mischievous baby. Hermes invented many things that the man would eventually use. The website proves his intelligence by writing, "As a newborn he was remarkably precocious. Stringing sinews across it, he created the first lyre" (Skidmore). Hermes invented the lyre on his first day of life showing his mental intelligence. The website states, "He invented the lyre, the pipes, the musical scale, astronomy , weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the care of olive trees" (Hermes). Clearly, it is proved that Hermes was a really bright god. On his first day of life he was being a really bad baby. He stole Apollo's cattle and also killed a tortoise. The website proves this by writing. "Before returning to the cave he caught a tortoise, killed it and removed its entrails. Later on, the tortoise became one of Hermes symbol.

Hermes, just like other gods, had many affairs with goddesses, nymphs, and mortals. In some legends he even had affairs with sheep and goats. The website stated he had three children by saying "The offspring of Hermes are believed to Pan, Abderus, and Hermaphroditus" (Leadbetter). Pan was not completely human. As stated by the website, "Pan, the half man half goat, is believed to be the son of Hermes and Dryope" (Leadbetter). It is also stated that when Pan was born he terrified his mother and she ran away. Abderus was also Hermes son. Abderus was a companion of the hero Heracles. Abderus died by being devoured by the Mares of Diomedes, after Heracles had left hi in charge of the ferocious beasts. Hermes last son was Hermaphroditus. The website states, "Hermaphroditus (also known as Aphroditus) was conceived after the union of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was born on Mount Ida but he was raised by the Naiads (nymphs of freshwater). He was an androgynous (having the characteristic of both sexes) deity, depicted as either a handsome young man but with female breasts, or as Aphrodite with male genitals" (Leadbetter). It turns out that all of Hermes son has a bad life. His first one was half goat, Abderus died at an early age, and Aphroditus has female breasts.

To humans Hermes represent many things. As stated in the website, "Hermes was the messenger of the guides and guide of dead souls to the Underworld" (Skidmore). He was sort of a mailman because he brought news to Gods, and the souls were like packages that he delivered to Hades. Hermes also helped man in many ways. The website states, "A prankster and inventive genius from birth, Hermes aided heroes Odysseus and Perseus in their quests" (Skidmore). Hermes actually saved Odysseus twice in the Odyssey. Odysseus sailed for open water but ended up on Circe's island. Odysseus sent out a scouting party and only one man returned. The survivor reported that all the other sailors had been turned into pigs with human faces by the dread goddess Circe. Odysseus was determined to save his companions from this cruel fate. As he was walking through the lonely forest to Circe's palace Hermes met him on the path and disguised as a young man, the Messenger of the Gods warned Odysseus about the wiles of Circe and gave him the antidote to Circe's drugs and told him how to subdue her and free his en-swined companions (Odyssey 10.289)" (Herald). In the website it states, "Hermes was known for his helpfulness to mankind, both in his capacity as immortal herald and on his own initiative." Hermes is also the god of many things. The website writes, "Hermes is the god of shepherds, land travel, merchants, weights and measure, oratory, literature, athletic and thieves, and he is known for his cunning and shrewdness" (Skidmore). These are some reasons how Hermes can be represented.

In conclusion, Hermes can be approved as a successful god with many good deeds. He invented items to make life more convenient for humans. Hermes also provided entertainment for the people by inventing a sports, activities, and instruments. Hermes also gave supernatural aid to people who needed it. Not only did Hermes help humans but he also helped gods. The way that he helped them is by delivering important messages and also he helps Hades by bringing him dead souls. Hermes also had a good love life. He went to bed with the beautiful Aphrodite. With the information provided about Hermes, it is certain that everybody would want to be like him.

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