Research Paper on Viruses

Viruses are something that all computer users need to be made aware of. A virus is a piece of code that is written to maliciously cause harm to computers and computer networks. Viruses first originated in the 1980's. With the boom of the computer age came the opportunity to reach havoc to users. As technology grew so did the opportunities for viruses to become more easily spread and more easily created. There are at least 3 reasons why a person would want to create a virus.

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1. There are individuals that like to cause harm to others. This is a psychological issue that they have. There is a thrill for them seeing others suffer. A good example is a person that would start forest fires. It is sort of the same psychology as those seen in both arsonists and vandals.

2. Some people are fascinated in seeing things blown up. A virus is similar to a bomb; it causes an explosion in the infected computer.

3. The third reason involved bragging rights. They want to be able to say that computers are vulnerable and instead of contacting the software maker and letting them know that there are vulnerabilities, they want to wreak havoc and paint a bad picture of the software developers.


While most computer users are not that familiar with viruses, they become well aware of them once their computer is infected. With the proper steps taken, all users can ensure that they are protected from getting a nasty computer virus. There are several do's and don'ts that I am going to go over to keep your computer virus free and continue to make you a happy computer user.

Chuck, since you are always connected to the internet via DSL it is imperative that you have as much protection on your computer as possible. The internet is full of viruses and worms. It is important that your computer is always updated with the latest security and hotfixes made by your software manufacturers. Another type of software that I would advise you to purchase is virus scanning software. The most dominant virus scanning software on the market today is Mcafee. You can either purchase the software online or purchase off the shelf at any computer store.

Once installed on your system, you have to make sure that the software is enabled and regularly scans your system. There are several options that you should check into. Some of the features include checking Mcafee's web site for virus definition updates. These updates include any new viruses that have recently emerged. Other valuable options include an email scan, download scan, and an internet filter. One thing to be advised is most virus scanners do add additional processes on your computer, but with the proper amount of memory and processor speed.

Even with the virus scanning software, you should still use some caution when downloading software and opening attachments in email. New viruses are always coming out and may not always be detected by virus scanning software.

Virgil, since you are not a full blown computer user I do think that you need to take all of the necessary precautions that Chuck should. It is imperative that you do keep your system up to date with all of the available hotfixes and system patches. These updates are available from Microsofts web page at www.windowsupdate.microsoft.com.

I only have to major suggestions to make to you while you are on your computer.

1. Do not open any email from any persons that you do not know. Nowadays most viruses are spread through email, so if you are not aware of where an email originated from, the best thing you can do is delete it without even opening the email. Viruses are only effective when they are executed, so an email that is infected with a virus can only be dangerous if the email is opened.

2. Do not download any software from any websites. Even though you may think the web site is virus free and a reliable source, you never know when or if the website has been hacked and good files have been replaced with virus infected files. So your best bet is to not download any softwar.

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Term Paper on Censorship

Yes, music censorship has become too harsh and is too strict. Censorship has definitely gone too far in our country and in others. For example, political militant and Algerian singer, Lounes Matoub was murdered for his lyrics in his songs. Acts have even been established and are in effect such as the Criminal Justice Act which prevents the play of "house" music or "any gathering of more than two people who wanted to listen to repetitive beat music" ("Hear no Evil Music," par.12). Music has also provided people someone to blame for tragedies, such as the Columbine, or anything associated with the violation of the law. Even though Marilyn Manson was blamed for Columbine, his L.A. show sold out in 12 minutes.

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The FTC is not against or for censorship, but they do provide facts, for example sales of clean vs. dirty music. Stores have even begun to censor and not sell records with lyrics associated with cursing, violence and/or sex. Eminem also has been under much heat associated with his first and most recent albums because of his gay bashing and mention of violence against women. These are reasons why I am against censorship. These are reasons why I am against censorship and why it has gone to far.

Censoring music in other countries has included violence, banning or death of many artists. For example, Wagner was banned from Israel for his hateful views towards Nazis or Zubin Mehta's orchestra was physically beaten after people found out he was going to conduct music from "Tristan and Isolde." In Mexico, Conlon Nancarrow was harassed for his choose of "self-exile-and relative neglect" ("Banned Music," par.4). Another instance was Arvo Part's declaration "I Believe in Jesus" was banned from the Soviet Union for 10 years. In 1989, Benjamin Britten who was the creator of "Death in Venice" was denied when he tried to put his piece in the Glyndebourne educational opera festival because it was said to "promote homosexuality" in schools ("Banned Music," par.2). Britain was where the Sex Pistols and Frankie Goes To Hollywood were banned throughout the 1970's and 1980's. Songs include The Beatles' "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds" and "A Day In The Life" because they had preferences to drugs. Even acts have been established to fight for censorship. The Criminal Justice Act outlawed dance music to prevent raves in Britain. More recently, the Media Marketing Accountability Act of 2001 was established.

This act would "treat the marketing of adult-rated movies, music and video games to children like any other deceptive act that harms consumers.It would give the FTC the authority to penalize companies that violate this provision with civil fines up to $11,000 per offense" remarked Hillary Clinton in the FTC report September, 2000. (Sanneh, par.2)

Music has even been blamed for such tragedies as the Columbine shooting Marilyn Manson was the prime subject for that controversy because the two boys were said the have been fans of the rock star. Soon after the shooting, reporters found out that the two boys did not even listen to Manson. Even though Manson was blamed for this, his L.A. show sold out in 12 minutes. Critics also spread blame saying that rock spreads the use of drugs and anti-religious feelings of teenagers. Eric Nuzum, director of WKSU-FM, the Kent State University's National Public Radio affiliate says that "any hint of sex from Elvis to Madonna, obscene album cover art and obscenities should end" (Szatmary, par.10).

The FTC has recently put out a report concerning clean music. They said that "clean versions of hip-hop music have cumulated .5-22% of the total sales" (Sennah, par.10). They studied "violent entertainment" and all top-selling records, but they put in a footnote in the September, 2001 report "The Commission did not attempt evaluate which recordings contained violent lyrics," so their studies were practically useless. Luther Campbell once stated "No other music is as controversial as rap music." He could not be more correct because 21 of 29 "stickered music recordings first saw on programs popular with teens are either hip-hop or r&b" (Sennah, par.4).

The sticker on the front of explicit records states PARENTAL ADVISORY- EXPLICIT CONTENT. It was created in 1990 to help ward off government regulation from the record companies and the lyrics on the album. Senator Joseph Lieberman thinks the label means the record and/or lyrics on the record are "unsuitable for kids" (Sennah, par.6). The FTC has recently found out that one-third of the country's top selling CDs contain the sticker on the front. Also, they conducted a survey to find out how effective the sticker actually is, 74% of the parents who participated in the survey were either "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied" (Sanneh, par.7).

Eminem also caused a ruckus when he appeared on the 2001 Grammies. His lyrics are said to offend women, motivate teens to violence and show his hate towards homosexuals. Eminem has groups of people against him and even a fund, called the Family Violence Prevention Fund, who tried to get people to boycott the viewing of the Grammies because of Eminem's performance. The failed boycott was called "Say No To Eminem." How creative. Gay and lesbian groups loathe him and Christians think he is morally corrupted.

Stores have also begun to censor and ban music. Wal-Mart and Kmart do not carry CDs with the PARENTAL ADVISORY sticker looking at you when you browse through the CD collection. These records are free of sex, cursing and violence. Wal-Mart banned a song by the group Prodigy called "Smack My B*tch Up" but on the other hand, they carry firearms. A Sheryl Crow song has also recently been banned from the store for containing the line "Watch our children kill each other with a gun they bought at Wal-Mart discount stores" ("Hear no Music"). I guess the Sheryl Crow ban was a believable one but if you weigh the choices, profanity vs. guns, there is no contest.

These are all things showing how censorship has gone too far. Many groups have been formed who are pro-censorship but there are a few groups against it. For example, Joint Artists and Music Promotions Action Committee was formed by the bassist of the popular punk group, Nirvana. When they first came out, they went through much controversy concerning lyrics and the type of music they played. The controversy continued up until the lead singer, Kurt Cobain committed suicide in 1991. They fight people who say that just one type of music is not the only type that have controversial lyrics. Other than them, there are not really any groups who fight censorship.

I definitely believe that censorship in music has now gone too far.

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Research Paper on Vietnam

Would you fight for your country even if you did not believe in the war itself? Would you go into the army if drafted or would you flee to another country? These are a few questions young men had to face during the years of the Vietnam War. Many went to fight while others fled to countries such as Canada to dodge the draft. There were protests all over our country. A new generation of people came out of this era. These people who let their hair grow long, dressed differently, and only wanted peace, love, and drugs, became known as hippies. Music played a big role in expressing the feelings of these people and the rest of the country. Protests even continued after the war with the production of several Vietnam War based movies that showed the horror of the war. The protest of the Vietnam War was advanced through music, movies, and demonstrations.

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Vietnam is a country with a troubled past. For most of its history it was under foreign rule, primarily by China. In 1860, France began its domination of the area. By the end of the century, France had implemented its colonization in many regions around the Gulf of Tonkin. Things started to change at the beginning of World War II. The Japanese government took control of the area and set up a puppet regime. The regime was eventually forced out by the Vietnamese at the end of the war in 1945. After World War II and up until 1955, France tried to regain its former territories in Vietnam. An undetermined and unprepared French army failed in their attempt to take back the land. On May 8, 1954 the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu by the communists of North Vietnam. After Dien Bien Phu the French withdrew, which left a buffer zone separating the north and south. France set up elections to form a government in the south. Meanwhile, communists in the north set up headquarters in Hanoi under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. Many northern Vietnamese people fled south where self-proclaimed president Ngo Dinh Diem formed the Republic of Vietnam. Between 1955 and 1960, the north Vietnamese tried to take over the government in south Vietnam with help from the southern communist Vietcong. As a result, southern President Diem was overthrown and executed in November 1963. A year later, the North Vietnamese began a massive drive to conquer the whole country with help from China and Russia. This offensive opened the door for the United States to step in and try to stop the communists. (Leuhusen)

With communism spreading from the USSR into eastern Europe, Korea, and Cuba, the United States feared a communist takeover in Vietnam. America wanted to put an end to the spread of evil communism. With the Cold War at its height, United States leaders feared that tensions would grow with the Chinese and Russians if they attacked North Vietnam. America did not want this to lead to a larger conflict and possibly World War III. This led to many internal conflicts in the United States, which eventually prevented a strong American stance in Vietnam. The United States was hesitant to fully support the south Vietnamese because there was much corruption in the official ranks and the armed forces of southern Vietnam. The low morale of its leaders and their interest in personal gain led to a disorganized Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Therefore, the United States had problems in keeping the South Vietnam army together. The only solution they saw was to take matters into their own hands. This led to America sending its first troops to Vietnam. At first, the troops were there for an advisory role, but it grew to a much larger scale. Led by President Lyndon B. Johnson and his Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States began increasing their role in Vietnam. President Johnson did not know what to do because of the social and political problems in America and increasing casualties in Vietnam. Always concerned about his image, President Johnson did not want to be known as the first United States president to lose a war. As pressure on him grew, President Johnson did not run for a second term. The problem of Vietnam was handed to the winner of the next election, Richard Nixon.(Leuhusen) President Nixon had a plan called "Vietnamization", a term that implied the south Vietnamese were not fighting enough in the war. His strategy brought American troops home while relying more on the Army of the Republic of Vietnam for ground attacks. He also increased air attacks on North Vietnam. The communist party was not phased by the increased air attacks, however, and they continued to fight. Seeing it as a no-win situation with increasing protests back home in America, the United States made plans to withdraw troops from Vietnam. This led to a meeting between Secretary of State Harry Kissinger and Democratic Republic of Vietnam representatives Xuan Thuy and Le Duc Tho met to form a peace treaty. The treaty, however, was not passed by the new leaders in Saigon, such as President Nguyen van Thien and Vice President Nguyen Cao Ky. The National Liberation Front in Vietnam also rejected the treaty. After the Christmas bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong in December, 1972, Nixon's administration was criticized and began to reconsider their strategy. They saw it was a no-win situation with increasing protests back home in America. United States made plans for a withdrawal, which led to a meeting for peace. In January 1973, America convinced the Thien-Ky regime in Saigon that they would not abandon South Vietnam if they signed the treaty. Hanoi then told leaders of the National Liberation Front that all southern political prisoners would be released after signing the treaty. On January 23, the final draft was signed and ended fighting between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The treaty, known as the Paris Peace Agreement, did not end the fighting in Vietnam. The Thien-KY regime continued fighting communist forces who totally ignored the cease-fire.

Forces of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam tried to save South Vietnam from military and political collapse from March 1973 to April 30, 1975. On April 30, the end finally came as Democratic Republic of Vietnam tanks moved South and communist forces captured the Presidential Palace in Saigon, ending the second Indochina War. (Bringham) On July 2, 1976, North and South Vietnam were officially united as a single communist state. In the end, it had cost about 2 million lives and injury to millions more.(Leuhusen)

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Term Paper on Celebrities

Hollywood is the home of glitz, glamour and larger than life movie stars. The life of a celebrity seems pretty great from the million dollar homes to the designer clothing. But there is a price of fame that these celebrities endure? Celebrities know how to use the press to their advantage but the celebrity/media is known to have a rocky relationship. Furthermore, the relationship becomes tainted when the paparazzi who are known for stalking, trespassing, and paying people that are connected with the celebrity to give out information about their location.

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What exactly does the word privacy mean? Schoeman, a professor from the University of California at Berkley says, "privacy can be better understood by characterizing the contents in which it arises or is invoked as a concern". "The fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to be secure in one's person, houses, papers, and effects against reasonable research". The celebrities claim that there is a fine line between the paparazzi who photograph their every move and other members of the news media.

Who are the paparazzi and what are they after? Italian filmmaker, Federico Fellini created a fictional aggressive photographer named, Paparazzo. " A paparazzo's job requires luck, a hide like a rhinoceros, and endless amounts of patience for standing around, hoping for something to happen".

They are the paparazzi and for better or for worse, they have become a part of the modern culture the paparazzi search for those candid photos. They want photographs catching the stars doing something strange, or revealing something that could make them a fortune. The paparazzi are constantly setting up various stakeouts searching for celebrities. A photographer who trespasses to obtain a photograph is also violating the law. And in most places, there are already laws to protect people from being stalked and harassed. The Paparazzi peddle a product many people want. The paparazzi are always trying to catch a snap shot of the celebrities and their private lives. These photographers not only wait for days for a juicy photo but weeks.

Moreover, who is funding the paparazzi? "Usually, the paparazzi and their photo agencies approach the magazines, but sometimes the magazine takes the initiative". It's the public who then in return funds the media. Not only are the tabloids in the front isle of every supermarket or newsstand but celebrity oriented tabloid TV shows have emerged such as Hard Copy, Access Hollywood, and Extra. Journalistic assault is committed not search of news or even entertainment but power, the power to create fear. The media could if they wanted to change the way they go about reporting the news however that's not how they make their money: "Editors and publishers acting individually could wipe out paparazzi photography by refusing to buy any pictures at all from photo agencies that allow their photographers to behave like thugs. That's not our market, sweet heart.

The public in general thrives on media gossip and whoever gives it to us the best are the shows we watch and the papers we purchase. Donald Kaul says, " We have become a celebrity obsessed culture in which our interest in the goings-on of the movie stars, athletes and society figures reached deranged heights. We are all paparazzi". The tabloid papers and their TV counterparts create a venue for images and stories, however fabricated or captured, which they in turn present to a public eager to soak it all in.

Many celebrities have actually fought photographers recently in the past couple of years for invading their private lives. In the 80's on the wedding day of Sean Penn and Madonna, Sean left a not so nice message in the sand for the paparazzi. Alex Baldwin was sued a few years back for assaulting a photographer while bringing home his new baby girl. Many celebrities sue for libel, which occurs when the press prints false and defaming information about a person. There are some journalists however, emphasize that members of the public-the consumers- need to encourage better reporting. The idea of taking a stand against the paparazzi occurred immediately after Princess Diana's death.

The length to what the paparazzi would do came to the publics' attention during the investigation of the late Princess Diana. The paparazzi were relentless in photographing her at all times. Lady Diana has been on the cover of People 43 times, more than any other person. "Diana was a standout because she was not only beautiful but refreshingly human. Emerging into the public life with beguiling timidity, the young bride quickly became the modern version of the fairy tale princess"."The paparazzi followed Diana relentlessly for years, taking pictures of her at the gym, on the street, on vacation, with boyfriends, with her sons, with her ex-husband and appointments with therapists. The relationship that Diana shared with the media was a courting disaster, moreover, benefits for both sides. But the paparazzi were fueled even more when they found that the Princess was dating Dodi Fayed and the price of those two together was almost close to a million dollars. Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed died on August 31, 1997 while speeding through an underpass in Paris trying to lose the paparazzi that were on motorcycles. After the crash there were reports that some of the members of the paparazzi who witnessed the crash just took photographs of the late princess and did not make an effort to help in the aid of the rescue.

But however the public can't really blame the press for the death of the late Princess. There were several reports that the driver of the car had been drinking and was past the legal drinking level in France and no one forced him to speed through the underpass to evade the press.

But it would be wrong to lay her death at the feet of the overzealous press. In an ideal world, perhaps, the press would restrict its scrutiny of the public figures to instances where the public's business is involved.

The paparazzi are working people like the rest who thrive on achieving goals that they have set for themselves. One member of the media stated, "Our duty, we tell ourselves, is exclusively to be rough, and then to let the public sort out the consequences . The media, however, has a way of feeding the publics appetite. In return they receive the money that the public pays for there deeds. The celebrities call upon the media to promote things going on with them, which catches the eye of the public. But when the public becomes infatuated by them and buys the tabloids or magazines with photographs of the celebrity during there private time, the celebrity feels violated. "My distinction of two sorts of privacy-one restricting others' access to areas that are nevertheless regulated and the other restricting access with the point of allowing individual expression".

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Research Paper on Uniforms

Why do we need a school uniform? It does not make us a better student, it does not improve our English, math's or science abilities, it does not make us run faster or jump higher, all it does is make us look ridiculous. No matter what the schools do, put us in uniforms or without uniform we will still not dress the right way. Of course someone will get punished for not wearing the right polo t-shirt or the black McCarthy pants. It's not fair because the principles of the schools can't tell us how to dress. We should be able to wear what ever we want. We kids like to be our self and not look the same as other kids. We like to be different and stand out from each other individually. Yes, uniforms make us look more proper then our normal everyday clothes and make us kids look smarter and more mature but it's not nice for people to misjudge us either.

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Why can't schools run their own uniform shops? Then parents could sell items as their children grow out of them and buy used uniforms at a reduced price. To keep buying brand new uniform when there could be a nearly endless supply of used clothing seems very wasteful. If schools had their own uniform shop it would be easier and families would be saving more money. Families waste more money with uniforms because kids need cloths when school isn't on. Like on weekends, special occasions and for when kids come home from school and change into their normal clothes because they like to be comfortable and out of the ugly uniform.

This is my first year at high school and I like everything about my school except the uniforms. A couple of years ago when kilts and blouses where aloud to be worn at high school I was very excited and couldn't wait to go to St. Joan of Arc Catholic High school. Years past and the students which I mean who girls wore the kilts and blouses in a very appalling way. What I mean by that is blouses unbuttoned very low that you can see a lot of cleavage showing and the kilts were pasts their mid-thigh. What I mean is that they were worn inappropriately. Now that I am in high school I am very mad about the kilts not being there and same with the blouses. That is what I was looking forward to wearing when I got to my high school for the first year. So uniforms are not always a good idea because they can be worn inappropriately.

I think uniforms can be good for a couple of things. Uniforms can be good in one way because it is good for safety. If someone were to walk into the school, like some other kid that goes to a different school and is not wearing the right uniform to your school the kid can be kicked out immediately. Another reason why uniform is good because your parents are saving a lot of money on clothes. What I mean by that is that they only have to buy uniforms for you. They won't have t buy you a lot of expensive clothes. All they would have to buy is like three polo t-shirts, two sweaters and two-three pairs of McCarthy pants.

So I think that uniforms overall are a bad idea. But, that is my opinion on uniforms. I think there shouldn't be uniforms in school and once again I think kids should be loud to wear whatever they want to wear. It a free world and no one can boss us around and tell us what to wear. Uniforms can be bad and good and it should be the kid's decision if they want to were them or if they don't want to wear them.

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Term Paper on Hammurabi

In ancient times, laws were usually passed along by words, it was never written down. But around 1760 B.C., a man named Hammurabi, King of Babylon, produced what is believed to be the first set of codified laws in Western civilization. They were chiseled on a stone tablet and hung in the center of the city where everyone could see them. In 1750 there was not very much respect for authority and I believe it has improved since then.

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I believe over the centuries the respect for authority has drastically changed. I think the reason it has improved since 1750 is because back then they had laws but the laws were for everyone and everything. What I'm trying to say is today we have laws but we have different kinds of laws and authorities, they only had one. We have the provincial government and the municipal government, they have different kinds of responsibilities and we respect them for what each type of government does for us. Also we have different sections of government for us, like substantive law, and procedural law. These are different types of the law which deal with different things. Today we have private and civil law which deals with us, the people of the country, and on the other side we have public law which deals with the relationship of the government and society. What I'm really trying to express is that back in 1750 they did not have different sections of the laws for certain things and people, they had one big law and sometimes the punishments were blown out of context. A good example of this is in one of the excerpts where a witness lies on the stand during a capital trial, and because he lied and it was a capital trial the man will receive the death penalty. Back then they only had one way to decide these punishments, "an eye for an eye", and sometimes this way was unorthodox. The people lost respect for the government and started to overcome with fear. Today we have different kinds of authorities; we also have different kinds of courts such as divorce court, family court, criminal court, etc... I believe because we have all these different kinds the people are happier and respect the government for implementing this kind of system. People even have more respect for smaller levels of authority. Good examples are police officers, a while back they used to be seen as "Pigs" who go to Tim Horton's to eat donuts and drink coffee. But now I can honestly say people respect them a whole lot more and do not make jokes about them and finally realize that the little things they do greatly improve our society.

So yes, I believe the respect for authority has immensely improved since 1750 and will continue to improve as time goes on. And even though there is more respect for authority now, the respect for authority was quite impressive for its time, who would have thought that a civilization over thousands of years old would be capable for producing the worlds very first set of codified laws.

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Research Paper on Taxes

In the United States, the history of taxes goes far back in time. During the Civil War, there was a tax on income for a short period of time. In the 1890's, the tax was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. In 1913, the 16th Amendment was passed which gave the United States the power to tax personal income. Congress imposed taxes to help raise money to fight wars. Before, the government relied on excise taxes on liquor and tobacco for its revenue. These taxes benefited American manufacturers by keeping prices high for foreign-made goods. During the Great Depression in the 1930's, the government also many income and social security programs. The federal income tax began as a tax on only the wealthy in the 1960's. Later, this tax included almost all families, not just the wealthy. Personal Income Tax makes up more than half of the Federal Government's revenue.

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Individual's are taxed on their earnings ever since July 31, 1969. This is where most of the Governments money comes from. Personal income tax produces about five times as much revenue as the corporate income tax. But, not all income is taxed in the same way. Owning stock in a corporation or collecting interest from a savings account is handled in a special way. Also, there are many types of exemptions and tax-deferred savings plans available.

For the fiscal year 1998, total individual collection in Illinois was $7,254,646,661. This was a 10.8% increase from the previous year. In 1989, total individual collections were $3,729,530,665. The initial income tax rate in individuals is now at 3% which was made permanent in 1993.

When you purchase goods or services, you have to pay a tax. There are two different kinds of these taxes: the vendor tax and the consumer tax. The vendor tax taxes the person doing the business. The tax is based upon the amount of goods sold. The consumer tax taxes the actual retail sale. The vendor at a store collects the tax from the buyer and sends that tax money to the state. Sales tax is an established rate. A use tax is very similar to sales tax, but is imposed on storage, use, or purchase of personal property which is not taxed by the sales tax. The total Illinois sales tax collected in 1998 was $5,577,486,542. This was a 4.9% increase from the 1997. The total number of registered tax payers was 244,199.

Property taxes usually helps to pay for public services such as public schools, police protection, and sanitation. Each state has different property taxes. The amount of tax is figured by the total value of the property.

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Term Paper on Hallucinogens

Drugs are a part of almost everyone's life. Most people take, or at one time has taken, vitamins, aspirin, or cold relief medicine. These drugs, however, rarely produce an altered state and aren't considered psychoactive.

Psychoactive drugs are those that influence a person's emotions, behavior, and perceptions. If you've ever had a cup of coffee or a beer, you've taken a psychoactive drug. However, most psychoactive drugs are more harmful. Psychoactive drugs can be broken down into four classes.

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Stimulates are drugs that cause a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. Caffeine is the most common stimulate. The major effects of caffeine are an increase in attentiveness and a decrease in reaction time. People can even build up a biological dependence on caffeine.

Other, more harmful, stimulates include cocaine and amphetamines. These drugs produce increased confidence, mood enhancement, and a sense of energy and alertness. A person under the influence of these drugs may also have a decreased appetite, experience anxiety, irritability, and insomnia. With either of these drugs if taken in too large a quantity death can occur.

Depressants, on the other hand, have an adverse effect. Depressants reduce anxiety, create dramatic mood swings, slow mental and physical functioning, and sometimes produce bizarre thoughts of suicide. Alcohol is the most common depressant, and the drug used by more people than any other drug. According to those who use alcohol it releases tension and stress and gives them feelings of happiness. However, as doses increase people may feel emotionally and physically unstable. They also show poor judgment, speech impairment, and may act aggressively. If enough alcohol is consumed in a short time, a person can die of alcohol poisoning.

Other depressants can be classified as barbiturates. These are frequently prescribed be physicians to induce sleep or to reduce stress. These drugs produce a sense of relaxation. They are also addictive, and when paired with alcohol can be deadly.

A third group, narcotics are drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety. Narcotics can also produce a difficulty in concentration, slow speech, and decrease physical activity. Morphine, which is used in many hospitals as a painkiller, is considered to be a legal narcotic. Another narcotic, heroin, is illegal in the US.

The last group of psychoactive drugs is classified as hallucinogens. A hallucinogenic drug is capable of producing hallucinations, or perceptional changes. The most common hallucinogen today is marijuana. The effects of marijuana vary from person to person, but typically consist of a feeling of general well being. On the other hand, individuals who feel depressed can end up even more depressed because the drug magnifies both good and bad feelings. Heavy use of marijuana can temporarily decrease male sperm count and lower the ability of the immune system to fight germs. One long-term lasting effect of marijuana is the damage it does to a person's lungs. In addition marijuana has several medical uses; it can prevent nausea from chemotherapy, treat some AIDS symptoms, and relieve muscle spasms for people with spinal cord injuries.

Other hallucinogens include ecstasy and lsd. Ecstasy gives a person a heightened sense of oneself and feelings of peace, empathy, and energy. Lsd produces vivid hallucinations and time distortion. These drugs can produce flashbacks.

If you ever think about using one of these drugs stop first, and think of the effects it will have on your body.

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Research Paper on DNA

Over 17 million people are infected with AIDS in just Botswana, Africa itself and over a few million people are infected with some sort of cancer. As of March, 2003 no one has found a curer or even a vaccine to control the havoc these disastourous diseases lay upon people. Is it even possible to accomplish such a feat? If we can get a man on the moon, which is literally out of this world, how hard could it be to cure a couple of diseases? Apparently it's impossible to do so; or is it? Nancy Gibbs writes an article on how we have come so far in finding cures for diseases as well as many other things due to the discovery made by James Watson and Francis Crick.

What steps are involved in finding a cure? The very first step is usually the hardest, whether it's taking your very first steps to riding a bike for the first time, or even trying to find a cure for AIDS and cancer. The first step in accomplishing the latter challenge all involves the knowledge of DNA. Fortunately DNA was already broken down for us by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. They battled a challenge, to figure out the structure of DNA, and eventually the figured it was a 3 stranded molecule and that its base pairs paired up A-T and G-C. These two scientists had just decoded DNA.

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By cracking the DNA code these two had just paved the way in achieving cures for diseases as well as many other things like DNA matches in newborn babies to find the exact parents, also DNA is used in crime investigations to determine if blood or even hair left at the scene is potentially the suspects.

50 years later we have come a long way and have learned unimaginable things. Our DNA is a family tree that can tell us almost everything from the color of our eyes to the type of fish we evolved from. We have also come to know that every letter involved in DNA holds characteristics that we possess, it determines whether we're fat and short, tall and skinny or even in some people how ugly they are. These letters also tell us if we are likely to attract a disease later on in life. All this is made possible through the decoding of DNA.

In 50 years we have learned a lot by knowing the structure of DNA. We eventually started the Human Genome Project to map out the entire human genome. In June of 2000 the very first rough draft was introduced to the world. According to Nancy Gibbs, " [the letters were] enough to fill 200 phone books at 1000 pages each or 75,490 New York Times."

This marked the completion of the first step in achieving the first step of finding cures for AIDS and cancer. Step two of the first step consists of finding out everything about the proteins in the body. Proteins will be an even greater task because of the vast number of them found in the body. The proteins in our body are in such abundance that we had to make new numbers for them, tetra bytes and yottabytes. Through the discovery of the structure of DNA we are one step closer to finding cures and even better ways to live.

This article appealed to me because even though DNA seems very complicated, it also seems to be the very "building blocks" of our lives. Through the discovery of the structure many things were possible. By decoding this one strand, so much was accomplished. It amazes me that so many people in this world have diseases that we have no control over. With the continuing study of these "building blocks" hopefully even more things can be possible. It's unbelievable that if you uncoil a strip of DNA it stretches out 6ft, yet it is small enough to fit into a cell.

In the subtitle of this text Nancy Gibbs writes, "Cracking the DNA code has changed how we live, heal, eat and imagine the future." Has it really changed our lives so much? Well when you think about it, it sure has. This is biology; DNA is the backbone of biology. I believe that many things that have to be done with biology in one way shape or form consist of the knowledge of DNA. It's so very hard to imagine a time when DNA was still coded. Even though we have artificial hearts and many other artificial body components we still try to use natural parts, even if they're from a pig.

DNA has made it possible for us to use these natural organs within a human body. When it is necessary to receive an organ whether human or not you're going to do whatever needs to be done to continue living. Hopefully all this advancements will lead to a discovery in the cure for AIDS and cancer. I have seen what the diseases due to the body.

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Term Paper on Bob Marley

Redemption song is an exhortation to overcome oppression by challenging established and popular thought in order to find a liberating truth.

Marley starts the song with a glimpse at his history. Marley is from Jamaica, a former British Colony. Against their will, Marley's ancestors were brought to the Caribbean on slave ships in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth century.

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Many Africans in those days were captured and put into holding pits before they were sold and shipped to the slave traders who brought them to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations, hence his first line "Minutes after they took I, from the bottomless pit." Marley however did not stop at the enslavement of his ancestors as he spoke of his history in the opening lines of the song. He confidently spoke of his ancestors strength, a strength given by an almighty force that helped them to overcome their state of oppression as slaves. The enslaved Africans of the Caribbean plantations never had one huge successful revolt that ended slavery, but were known to persevere in their efforts to be rid of the horror of slavery through their belief in an Almighty power that looked upon their suffering and would give them the strength to continually overcome the evil of their condition. In line 7 Marley states, "We forward in this generation, triumphantly" to claim that the victory over the oppression is continuing with great success as he claim that it is a triumphant progress. With this statement of confidence in the strength of his people, Marley lays down the foundation for his claim that redemption is possible if the person who seeks liberation continues to be strengthened by an almighty force.

Marley's next claim in this song is that freedom lies in the mind of the oppressed. In line 14 he states "Emancipate yourself from mental slavery, not but ourselves can free our minds." A person who is able to think critically and question the ideas and the thoughts that float around him or her, is able to make solid choices that are pertinent to his or her development as contributing members of the society. Bob Marley originally came from a Caribbean background where the family, the community, the government and educational system are not geared at helping children learn the art of healthy questioning, which some argue is the result of centuries of enslavement of the Caribbean masses. He says in line 18 "How long shall they kill our prophets while we stand aside and look? Ooh! Some say it's just a part of it, we got to fulfil de book." Bob poses this rhetorical question to challenge the tendency to blindly accept propaganda and established ideology without questioning the truth of the claims that propagandists offer and follows this question with a glance at the irrational reasoning behind not questioning established thought. "Ooh! Some say its just a part of it, we got to fulfil the book."

Marley's message appealed to Americans coming out of a decade of the civil rights movement, as he spoke of continual liberation through questioning mainstream beliefs and faith in the source of all power. Americans in the seventies were beginning to realize that the work of the civil rights movement did not end with the bloodshed of the sixties, but will need to be continually pursued through day to day struggles to keep the freedoms that many people fought and died for. Redemption song is a call to remind the masses that no matter how much oppression is part of the fabric of society, liberation is possible through the strength of an almighty power and the way a person uses that given strength in pursuit of their freedom.

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Research Paper on Dyslexia

The Revised Code of Practice for Special Educational Needs which has been effective since January 1st 2002 reflects the changes in recent legislation: the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Education Act 1996, the Human Rights Act 1998 and the SEN and Disabilities Act 2001.

All the previously mentioned legislations give the Special Educational Needs learner a stronger entitlement to be educated alongside their peers in a mainstream school.

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Education is the most important element of our lives and is defined as "acquiring skills". Inclusive education means all learners whether they are children, young people, adults, disabled or disaffected (difficulties in behaviour or attendance) have the right to be educated together in mainstream establishments. This obviously depends on the schools ability to cope with the learners specific needs; appropriate level of resources been available, including in class support, health and safety issues and the welfare of other learners who are also entitled to receive their education.

Schools have a responsibility to provide a broad and balanced curriculum for all learners; therefore teachers are committed to giving each of their learners the best possible opportunity to achieve the highest standards. Nationally about 20% of learners may display some varying degree of special educational needs during their school career.

All learners are unique and therefore each has their own exclusive way of learning, especially as no two dyslexic learners are the same. Differentiation must always begin with an assessment of the individual learner. Differentiation is only successful when teachers know the strengths, weaknesses and capabilities of their learners.

Early years education is invariably an important part of developing positive inroads necessary to promote effective learning. Learners will usually be eligible for preschool provision during the term in which they have their 4th birthday. Prior to the learner entering their preschool education they are visited at home, so the staff can observe them in familiar surroundings. Prospective parents and learners are also welcome to come into school, where they are usually met by the Head teacher and given a tour of the facilities and be introduced to staff. Before the learner begins preschool their parents are encouraged to promote a positive partnership between school and home.

Learners will experience different activities that are planned and managed within the structure of the early years curriculum. These activities are differentiated to meet the needs and abilities of the individual learner. They will provide a succession of activities to promote learning step by step.

Learners are encouraged to choose their own activities during "child-initiated play". Firstly oral skills are expressed during imaginary play. There are various role-play areas to be explored such as, jungle, shop and kitchen where learners can join their peers in free play. There are also "small world" activities including farms and train stations. Listening centres with pre-recorded tapes of stories or songs are readily available. The learner can progress onto painting and the use of natural materials such as sand and water to encourage gross motor skills. Construction toys such as Mobilo and Duplo will also support and bring into play gross motor skills. Fine motor skills can be refined and improved through, jigsaws, threading beads and lacing. There is also the free use of computers either for playing games or writing, this encourages letter recognition and co-ordination through the use of the mouse. Learners are withdrawn for short periods either individually or in small groups to work with the teacher on more formal, focused work.

Within six weeks of entering reception class learners are given a statutory baseline assessment. This assessment records their ability to recognise letters, numbers to ten, write their own name and know basic shapes. These results are forwarded to the LEA to be collated.

"Mainstream schools with an inclusive orientation are the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes, creating welcoming communities, building an inclusive society and achieving education for all. Moreover they provide an effective education for the majority of children (with or without disabilities or SEN) and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost - effectiveness of the entire education system." (Secretary of State for Education, 2002)

A well-structured, differentiated teaching programme will support the less able learner whilst also meeting the needs of the more gifted learner.

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Term Paper on BMW

Timeline and Background:
Bavarian Aircraft Works was founded in 1916. The company was created through a merger of an aircraft maker and a manufacturer of aircraft engine, which initially produced airplane motors. Bavarian Aircraft Works merged with Rapp Motor Works in 1917, which then became Bavarian Motor Works (BMW). In 1922, BMW started producing small engines for motorcycles. One year later, BMW launched its first motorcycle. In 1928, BMW presented its first automobile. Not long after that, in the 1930s, BMW established its reputation as a maker of high-quality motor vehicles. Although BMW was successful, it encountered many financial hurdles. BMW became profitable in 1959, which was the same year that the Quandt family invested $1 million. In 1966, BMW's automobile market segment consisted of a combination of high-performance engineering and comfort of the European luxury sedan. In 1975, BMW introduced the successful 7-Series. Over 15 years later, in 1991, BMW began working on the engineering prototypes for the redesigned 7-Seris that was to be launched for the 1994 model year.

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The traditional strategy of following Mercedes lead in pricing and styling, was slightly changed to stress and become the leader in technology, while maintaining its classy, sporty style. BMW invested significantly in Research and Development. Not many other car manufacturers could compete with BMW's high-level of performance, handling, and safety. BMW was known for the finest in performance and reliability.

BMW's headquarters were in Munich, Germany. Over 70 percent of BMW's suppliers were also located in Germany. Many operations, such as assembly plants, regional distribution centers, dealers, and other divisions, were located in different countries, including, but not limited to: Africa, Austria, Japan, and the United States. Also, over 70 percent of BMW's sales came from Europe. A large portion of BMW's remaining sales came from the United States and Japan.

BMW was one of the leaders in the luxury automobile market and it ranked number 16 of the largest automobile manufacturers; however, it held a mere 1.5% of the world market. Luxury automobile manufacturers competitive product characteristics included acceleration, handling, comfort, and perceived quality and image. Cost was not nearly as an important attribute as the previously mentioned more-prestigious characteristics.

In the late 1980s, new competitors began to challenge the European luxury automobile manufacturers. In particular, it appeared that the Japanese were going to be strong competitors.

Issue:
BMW is launching a new model of its 7-Series luxury sedan. It is exactly two years, eight months, and five days until the scheduled production date and management is faced with a critical decision regarding the building of full-scale working models during the developmental stages that will greatly influence the future of the company. Over the next several months, engineering prototypes have to be designed, built, and tested in order for final design revisions to be made in time for the launch. Traditionally, BMW hand-built and assembled its prototype automobiles it in own shop. Highly skilled craftsmen and specialized outside vendors fabricated the parts and used both less-expensive materials and less-complex pre-production tools to save costs. The issue with this, however, was that construction of prototypes hardly resembled the techniques used in the final high-volume production. And because of this, BMW found thousands upon thousands of minor problems in the final transitional stages from final prototype to high volume production. Discovering the problems and modifying both the vehicles and the tools to produce them took up much time. Furthermore, complications increased with the fact that potential production problems were not discovered and solved during the test pilot runs, resulting in the increase incidence of customer complaints of BMW's new models.

Carl-Peter Forster, director of Prototype and Pilot Manufacturing at BMW is proposing a new process for building the cockpits of the 7-Series prototype vehicles. With the new strategy, the cockpit prototypes will be made by outside suppliers that used more automated methods, more specialized tooling, and less skilled workers. Also, one supplier will be selected to construct major subassemblies of the cockpit and ship them to the BMW assembly line where BMW's pilot assembly plant workers will perform the necessary assembly operations rather than prototype specialists. The new approach brings higher tooling costs, longer lead times, and the potential for encountering additional risks, but management believes that it will drastically reduce the problems associated with bringing a new model into production and have a significant influence on product quality. Switching to this new process is a major change for BMW; the individually, hand-crafted process is how the company built itself and earned its highly acclaimed reputation. The design to change the process will significantly affect BMW's image and competition.

Analysis:
Causes and consequences of BMW's quality problems with newly launched products

Current prototypes are geared more towards engineers than customers, as highly skilled workers made the prototypes at the design and engineer center. The current production process was a poor reflection of estimated production rate and product quality. Another consequence of utilizing highly skilled workers affected testing in a negative manner and was possibly a reason for the increased number of defects; thus, customer complaints were at level that was higher than desirable. Also, customers started expecting more due to competitors high quality luxury automobiles.

Potential ways to improve launch quality
BMW should conduct marketing studies to determine what customers expect and want. BMW should then incorporate such expectations and requests in its design phase.

The new process, utilizing the concept of concurrent engineering, will be more efficient and more competitive because BMW will be able to launch new products more quickly. The new process will also enable BMW to detect the problems in both the design and production processes and resolve the issues faster. If BMW involves their suppliers from the beginning, they will create strong relationships with them, which will also assist in ensuring that all divisions work together smoothly. In addition, all of these improvements will improve BMW's delivery time.

Recommendations concerning the 7-Series prototypes
BMW should use materials and tools more similar to the materials used in the prior production models. Also, BMW should consult with the suppliers that are involved in the design and prototype processes. This not only helps BMW make the prototype to be more like the final production, it also assists suppliers because they are able to learn more about what is being requested before they are required to produce the product in volume. In addition, the prototypes should be built by BMW's assembly line, rather than the prototype specialists.

Recommendations regarding future development projects
In order for BMW's future projects to run more smoothly, it should focus on its core competencies of concept design and assembly; then, outsourcing its parts to suppliers. Therefore, suppliers can be involved at an earlier stage of development of a new project. Significant testing should be a major part of the design phase, as this will reduce many problems encountered in the production phase. For BMW to introduce more models more frequently, it should decrease the lead-time from the concept phase of the car to the release of the final product in the market. One way for BMW to increase product variety will be for it to offer set packages as well as individual custom options. This will increase customer satisfaction because they will be able to customize their car the way they want it.

Recommended changes in developing new models
When developing the prototype for a new model, BMW should use the actual parts instead of substitute parts; for example, instead of using fiberglass BMW should use sheet metal. This will help prevent defects earlier and further complications later in the process. Although, the initial investment will be costly, significant cost savings will be achieved and the investment will pay off in the long run.

Concerning the ramp up process, BMW should use the sudden changeover approach to eliminate confusion and achieve full volume production capacity in less time. However, by following this approach BMW will lose on opportunity costs by not fully utilizing its fixed capital for the first 4.5 months. To remain competitive, this will help BMW release new models more quickly.

In addition to designing new models, BMW should simplify the production process by combining multiple separate parts into fewer parts. This would help reduce the time it takes to assemble the automobile.

Regarding early tooling, it is expected BMW's suppliers will use early specialized tooling to manufacture BMW's parts. BMW should reduce the amount of prototype batches produced from five to three. BMW will also greatly reduce prototyping costs and lead-time. In the first prototype batch, BMW should use its current process of hand designing. In the second prototype batch BMW should use the pre-production process and in the third prototype batch it should use the specialized tools. This will still allow BMW's skilled craftsmen to use their creativity and keep some flexibility in the design. If successful, BMW should use the early tooling concept for the parts of the entire automobile.

Expected improvements
As a result of the above recommendations, it is expected that construction of prototypes will resemble techniques used in final production, which will dramatically reduce problems associated with bringing new models into production. BMW will maintain its high quality image and possibly increase its market share. BMW's relationship with suppliers will be better due to working in conjunction with them in designing its cars. Customer complaints will decrease since customer suggestions will be considered. The process will be more customer-friendly rather than engineer based.

Attributes subject to the potential risk of deterioration
Due to increased automation, employee skill base may deteriorate. This may constrain flexibility and limit the amount of last minute changes needed and wanted by BMW and its customers. Another risk BMW may encounter is that it will become too dependent on its suppliers.

Proposed Plan of Action:
Recommendations to BMW's strategy to compete against Japanese luxury automobile manufacturers

After careful thought and strategic planning, BMW should take the opportunity to make the new production process easier and more efficient, while maintaining its effectiveness. Chairman von Kuenheim should implement the new prototyping approach to compete against new Japanese entrants into the luxury car market. Although the initial investment in changing to a more automated process will cost BMW DM 50 million now, it will potentially save them DM 100 million per product launch in the future. Changing the production process will enable BMW to adapt with the company's needs, including early detection of problems with the design process, improvement of the evaluation of both production rate and product quality, and the ability to streamline operations. This change will also better accommodate the customer's demands of a stylish automobile and high expectations of reliability and performance.

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Research Paper on Culture

Popular culture or Pop-culture is the outcome and method of mass marketing on the World's youth. It is a powerful "money making" scheme generated by the Media and doubles as a systematic approach to Globalisation. It's span of influence and control reaches into our cities, streets, cars and homes. It affects our very style of living, it controls our culture.

Popular Culture derives from Youth culture or "University Culture" born in the late sixties by the "Baby Boomers" Generation. At that time the World bore witness to a global economic boom and Australia was no exception. The citizens of that time were provided with great access to higher education at no charge, something previous generations were never granted. Previously, only the elite could study at university and this change meant that anyone could study at a University level regardless of their financial situation.

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The Era surrounding the birth of "University Culture" also rendered events such as The Cold War, accompanied by the implementation of Nuclear power, The Vietnam War and the Vietnam Moratorium, a global oil crisis and acid rain. The University culturists took another "radical" step to implement what was called "Participant Democracy", also known as "Grassroots" democracy. It was the method by which people were able to have more say in political decision making and political agendas than simply filling out a Ballot paper. In essence, participant democracy involves mainly protest movements.

The students or those living in "Youth Culture" were primarily concerned with global environmental issues. This also included protest movements on the relationships between industry (especially energy industries) and political powers.

With rock music's birth co-inciding with birth of university culture, many musicians participated in protest and equal rights movements. This was the birth of Popular Culture. If a musician produced a composition which portrayed "popular issues", like opposition to the war in Vietnam, then the youth culturists, who were also protesting against the War, would be keenly interested in such a composition. This process was an effective method of raising public issues, but more significantly, this process let musicians, recording companies, film producers and other media, control public issues. In reality, Popular culture works through media relationships, working together to make a profit.

The American Popular Culture website tells us that there are different forms of popular culture including music, film, television, advertising, sports, fashion, toys, magazines and comic books.

One of the most influential types of Media is music. Music provides a powerful media to govern popular culture.

The Drake University says - "Popular music provides not only entertainment, but a common space for the personal, social, and political experiences of youth. Focusing on rock, pop and rap (with a nod to country), we'll consider the cultural roles of music and musicians; the means by which music gets to its audiences; and the ways in which music is interpreted and used by listeners in a variety of contexts. We look at particular musical subcultures - punk, for example, or techno, Goth, lounge, and so on in order to understand how certain social interests and tastes are served by particular performers, songs, and performances."

This statement is significant because it talks about a "common" space for personal, social and political experiences. This suggest that popular music builds a community of people, whether it be through smaller groups of subcultures or one larger popular culture, it proves that Popular Culture works to unite social groups which leads to growth of Globalisation.

To ask whom is affected by popular culture is difficult to answer. It would not be hard to say that no-one is unaffected. To a certain extent, it may be easier to say how much a person is considered to be influenced by popular culture. However, it is difficult to judge the level of popular influence, just because a youth listens to Eminem, for example, does not mean they are a victim of mass-marketing. Someone may genuinely enjoy a popular style of music, not just because its cool. It is also common for the process to work in reverse. Youths may enjoy a certain style of music that soon becomes popular whereby the youths promoted the music.

Sub-cultures of Popular culture confuse this issue. One may deconstruct popular music into several different categories, all or some or none of which may be affected by popular culture. A good example of this is "Alternative" music. There is a huge market for people who are not interested in "main stream" music or popular music. So the media provide alternative radio and television stations. Thereby making alternative music and culture, just a different kind of popular music and culture. This kind of music is usually associated with resentment for establishment values which links directly back to 1960s from which popular culture derived. Ironically, this resentment could lead back to itself.

Popular Culture restricts the availability of media. Why is it that Australia shows mainly American films. India has the biggest film industry in the world but how many Indian films are available in contemporary Australian society? Germany produces some of the worlds highest quality films but again, how many German films are present in our society. Popular culture in Australia promotes mainly American music, American films and American fashion. That is not to say that the American entertainment and fashion industries are poor but are simply just about the only ones available to Australian Society. This is more than Just Globalisation but "Americanisation".

Popular culture does have its benefits though. Along with its "Americansied" popular rubbish, it does provide some quality entertainment. There are undoubtedly a great deal of American talented musicians and film makers, who's work is made available through popular influence.

Popular Culture is something that is unavoidable. The ongoing effort of mass marketing is not just a passing phase. Popular Culture will drive towards Globalisation and Americanisation. Popular culture creates majority groups and minority groups. Popular Culture has benefits in its own right but is mainly a pounding force in drowning out natural culture, national pride and national talent.

The Website provides resources for the critical analysis of popular culture in the United States including the impact of that culture internationally. The site focuses on issues of race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, cultural imperialism and censorship, as shaped and reflected in various mass media. The site proved to be quite useful. The site also sections that introduce and give resources for four main types or elements of popular culture analysis: production analysis, textual analysis, audience analysis and historical analysis. The website did not show an credentials and for that reason it may be unreliable.

This website is provides resources designed in order to understand particular social interests and social traits linked to Popular Culture by an American university. For this reason it is reliable but because of its substance mainly dealing with music it is not greatly useful.

This book provides a background on the origins of Popular Culture. Being written by a University Professor it could be reliable but because of its age it loses credibility. It did prove useful however in its background information.

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Term Paper on Blood

Blood performs many functions essential to life and often can reveal much about our state of health. Blood is a connective tissue that consists of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix. Cells of the blood are formed elements. Plasma is the liquid substance in the blood. Plasma accounts for slightly one-half of the total blood volume. The average adult female has a blood volume of four to five liters. The average male has five to six liters. Blood makes up about eight percent of the total body weight.

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Blood is important in the maintenance of homeostasis. It transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones to tissues, and transports carbon dioxide and waste products away from tissues. It maintains body temperature by transporting heat between deep tissues and the body's surface. It also protects the body from disease causing microorganisms, foreign substances, and tumors.

Plasma is the pale yellow fluid that consist of about ninety-two percent water and eight percent substances such as protein, ion nutrients, gases, and waste products. Plasma accounts for slightly one-half of the blood's volume. Proteins in the plasma are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. Albumin makes up about sixty percent of the plasma proteins. Globulin is part of the immune system and function to transport molecules. Fibrinogen makes up four percent of the plasma and is responsible for blood clotting.

Erythrocytes are disk-shaped cells with edges that are thicker than the center of the cell. During development, they lose all their nuclei and most of their organelles; so they are unable to divide. They live for about one hundred and twenty days in males and one hundred and ten days in females. The main component of an erythrocyte is the pigmented protein hemoglobin. Hemoglobin accounts for one-third of the cell's volume and is responsible for its red color. Erythrocytes function to transport oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body and to assist in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Hemoglobin is responsible for most of the oxygen transported in the blood.

White blood cells are spherical cells that are whitish in color because they lack hemoglobin. They are larger than erythrocytes and have a nucleus. Blood transports white blood cells to the other tissues found in the body. Leukocytes protect the body against invading microorganisms, and they remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis. Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte. They phagocytize microorganisms and the foreign substances. Basophils are involved in regulating the inflammatory response. They release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation. Basophils also release heparin, which prevents the formation of clots.

Blood is categorized by the ABO blood group system. ABO blood types are not found in equal numbers in the United States. Forty seven percent of white Americans have type O blood. Forty one percent have type A. Nine percent have type B, and three percent have type AB. A person who donates blood to another person is called a donor. The person who receives the blood is called a recipient. People with type O blood are referred to as universal donors, because they can give blood to the other ABO blood types. Type O blood can sometimes produce a transfusion reaction. If they mismatch blood groups other than ABO blood types and if antibodies in the blood of the donor can react with antigens in the blood of the recipient it will cause a transfusion reaction. Usually reactions like this are not serious.

Blood is needed to form many functions of essential life and often can reveal much about a person's state of health. Blood is the most important tissue in our body. Blood functions almost everything in our body. Without blood we could not live.

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Research Paper on CSI

I want to be a crime scene investigator because I enjoy solving puzzles and would like to be able to help solve crimes. Crime is a major factor of today's life in the United States.

Crime scene investigators are the support for the investigator in charge of the case. A crime scene investigator is responsible for the documentation, identification, processing and collection of physical evidence from the scene of a crime.

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The collection of fingerprints is only one of many means a crime scene investigator can use to identify or exonerate a suspect of a crime. Fingerprints have been used since ancient times, although used as a means of uniquely identifying a person, only since the nineteenth century. A fingerprint is unique to each individual.

By using the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) a fingerprint can be compared through files and a list of possible matches determined. AFIS has allowed many crimes that were unsolved to be solved.

Identification can also be done with DNA testing. DNA is contained in virtually every cell in the human body and does not change during a person's lifetime. Technology has made DNA evidence more reliable and efficient and it has been increasingly accepted in a courtroom. A DNA profile can be entered in the FBI's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) to identify a suspect anywhere in the USA.

Ballistics can be used to determine the make and model of a firearm that a bullet collected at a crime scene was fired from. By using the marks on a fired bullet, investigators can determine if the bullet was fired from a particular gun.

Tire marks and footprints can also be obtained from a crime scene and then compared to a suspect's vehicle or shoes. They are usually used to prove a suspect was present at the scene of a crime.

My own area of interest would be forensic toxicology. My goal is to be able to determine if drugs, whether illegal or medicinal, were a contributing aspect or the cause of death. Forensic toxicologists used many testing methods to conduct their testing for toxins. I have always been interested in chemistry and believe this would be a good field in which I should be involved.

A crime scene investigator needs to have an expertise in may other fields such as photography, sketching and note taking.

The abilities of a person to be able to maintain equipment, keep updated on all techniques and methodology, use deductive reasoning, perform a systematic search of the crime scene, possess good written, verbal and organizational skills are qualities I believe I possess. These qualities will help me be a successful crime scene investigator and a successful forensic toxicologist.

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