Term Paper on Filipino

Religious fanaticism of the Filipinos has its roots in the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. For more than 300 years the Philippines was colonized by the Spanish and instilled in the Filipinos their values and religion Christianity, which resulted in the deeply rooted sense of spirituality of the Filipinos. This fanaticism has paved the way for the Filipino’s current state of fanaticism. This fanaticism was emphasized because of the recurring disasters and tragedies which bombarded the Philippines and the Filipinos. Some sign of vindication from these tragedies was needed to keep the Filipinos’ hopes up. They need something to believe in and would give them hope. This search for hope became the foundation for cults and different religious sectors to appear and channel out all the anxiety and troubles that came knocking everyday. These cults however were not purely on the good side, these cults and religious sectors became a source of quick and false hopes; and in the long run hindered the cultural and societal growth of the Filipinos. Leaving the Filipino society in the slums, and making their dreams just a figment of imagination; division among the Filipinos settled in as their fanaticism to their religious sectors became more and more evident. This division hindered the Filipinos, making them just a fragment of what they yet ought to become.

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They do not have much in life unlike the rest of us, that is why they resort to all out fanaticism…with hopes that one day, or another, they will be redeemed from whatever hell they are in. At the end of the day, though, I reckon that tree-trunk-worshipping is a hundred leagues better than constantly whining about the nation’s inhumane poverty, hellish traffic, and corrupt officials. (Redulla, 2001)

The Filipino people embody every characteristic that can be considered spiritual in any sense. They go to mass every Sunday; pray before and after every meal; and they let their religion affect almost every major decision in their lives. What they lack however, is the right sense to stop and think when their faithfulness has led to fanaticism. Take the co called ‘Agoo Marian apparition’ as an illustration. Back in 1995, a girl named Judiel claimed that the Virgin Mary appeared before her and gave her a message to tell all Filipinos. The town of Agoo suddenly became a tourist attraction and established itself in the map. People from every corner of the Philippines traveled to Agoo to witness this ‘miracle’. Reports of this incident went far beyond the news papers and airwaves of the Philippines. Only later found out to be a hoax. Filipinos in that incident preferred to consider it something magical and spiritual, this was because the Filipinos refused to accept scientific explanation for the reason that they believed Judiel and that was enough for them. The Filipinos were humiliated because of their narrow-mindedness.

The Filipinos people also blame their religion when something unexpected happens. Let us take into consideration our current political situation. The past administration, Erap’s, as critics and non-critics emphasized was mismanaged and disorganized. However, further examination of the current administration is no more organized. I quote one journalist in a newspaper:

…nagkakalat si President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo, have we run out of presidential material from among the present leaders? They’re all birds of the same feather…
(Cruz, 2001)

Filipinos however were geared to think that the Macapagal Administration is better and more efficient than the former. Critics blame and despise the Catholic Church for feeding to the Filipinos their opinions, thus making them think that way. A good example of how Filipinos blame religion is when something disastrous happens, they always say something like: “Yan kasi, hindi madasalin.” I can clearly recall one of my aunts commenting about the death of one of her friends resulting from a car crash: “Yan kasi, pa-palit palit ng asawa, hindi makuntento sa isa, pinarusahan tuloy ng diyos.” Her friend was coming home from Baguio when her car collided with an incoming truck. Everyone aboard the vehicle died except for their youngest son.

Robin Padilla was and still a famous actor, he was very well known and labeled as a having a bad boy image because of his looks and onscreen attitude. Filipinos did not however spurn the fact that he had a handful of mistresses. He was also arrested for illegal possession of firearms. This was not new to him because of also his off-screen bad boy behavior. This arrest led to a very controversial and talked about court trial. He was sentenced to be imprisoned for the rest of his life. During his sentence however, he was by some sort of force, took a 180 degree turn for the better. While he was inside prison, he converted himself into a Muslim and started to somehow preach to his other prison mates. After a while, he married his mistress. In light of this transformation, his sentence was reduced and he served for just a little over 3 years. Mr. Padilla’s case is not isolated, I used him as an example however because his is the most popular. Although most Filipinos do not make this drastic a transition of religion, they do jump from one religious sector to another. Filipinos believe that they can get in touch with their inner-self when they find the right religion. Thus they keep switching religions until they are satisfied. When did religious fanaticism start anyway?

The Filipinos, as every culture, were inherently religious. During the Pre- Spanish era, the Filipinos already had a form of hierarchy. They even had diplomatic and commercial relations established in China, and other countries in Asia:

“From scanty records that have come down to present, it is known that the Philippines had some commercial relations with neighboring countries, particularly with China. Trade relations with the latter started in the 19th century when some Arab traders who were barred from the Central China Coast found an alternative route starting from Malacca and passing through Borneo, the Philippines, and Taiwan.”
(Agoncillo, 1990, 24)

Although the Filipinos were religious, they did not become fanatics until the Spanish era. The Spanish did not in anyway try to conquer and establish a colony in the Philippine by force, at first. What they did was they tried to establish relations with the Filipinos and offered them their religion. Filipinos refused and sparked a meaningless bloodbath in Mactan, Cebu. The Spanish came back later in the middle part of the century and eventually managed to conquer the Philippines. When occupied, the Filipinos were reluctant to accept the religion of the Spanish, nevertheless a few decades later the Spanish friars got the Filipinos feeding our of their palms. The church threatened the people with church sanctioned punishments. This 300 year colonization of the Philippines left the Filipinos with a wrong set of values and a false sense of spirituality:

“…and the cross does not pertain to the individual alone. Right now, the human family encounters a lot of crosses and trials," he said. "There are so many lures and pseudo-values that threaten the very life and existence of the Filipino family…”
(Sin in Nocum, 2002)

This false sense of spirituality, as Cardinal Sin says, has turned into fanaticism, and is very much evident in the Filipino’s lives. Almost every big decision doesn’t pass without praying and consulting god asking for a sign of what they should do. The Filipinos believe that if you are religious you will be blessed, and damned if you are not. I will refer to my example earlier, about the car crash and the remark of my aunt. When she made that remark, she clearly and distinctively established a line between and the religious. She made a point clear that her being not religious was the sole cause of her being involved in the car accident.

I remember a friend of mine during and outing saying: “Guys mas astig parin tayong YFC kaysa Opus Dei, ang weirdo nung sa kanila eh, may pa-chant chant pa na parang, basta corny.” Every religious group in the country claims that their spiritual orientation and faith is more valid than everyone else’s. This in turn divides the Filipinos. Filipinos, believe in their religious orientation deeply and will not take any comments and remarks of the others sitting down. The example about my friend is at a very shallow level. If Filipinos however have disputes in the same religious orientation, what more with Filipinos with different religions? Christians and Muslims in the Philippines have been feuding for the past century. Christians of different factions also regularly cross paths and end up having a heated debate over who is who, what is what, and just that should be declared as the superior group. Given this situation, the Filipinos naturally became biased and each religious sectors isolating themselves from one another.

To sum it all up, the Filipinos were inherently spiritual and religious. This spirituality however was emphasized and misled by the Spanish when they conquered and instilled in the Filipinos Christianism. The friars misled the Filipinos using Church sanctioned rewards and punishments. After the Spanish have gone, this false sense of spirituality remained with the Filipinos, which is clearly evident in their everyday living. Most of their decisions and initiatives are based on their religions, hence welcoming cults and religious sectors to establish themselves firmly on the Filipinos vulnerable sense of holiness. This had divided the Filipinos as more and more religious groups continue to settle in and infest the minds of the people. This division has settled in and has influenced almost every corner of the country. This division has denied the Filipinos of their capability to establish growth in every aspect: economic, spiritual, moral, and most importantly social.

This is why the growing number of cults and different religious sectors in the country is a sign of a slowly regressing and decaying culture. To further understand and enhance your knowledge about this topic, a good source of references and readings would be the publications of the church, and of course the bible.

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Term Paper on Gerontology

All the students deserve to receive a good education. Education is an important part of every child’s life. It has been shown that it is thorough education that one could success in the future. But unfortunately not every body will receive a good education because education is failing to educate in many areas. One particular area of education that is failing to educate is the vocational education. In vocational education the quality of education should be better because students need to learn more through educators who can educate. When the educators are of type of quality students will learn properly. But this is not happening in the vocational education programs, because of this vocational education is not doing its job, which is to help the students who are in it to learn. Vocational education is failing due to the lack of preparation of vocational educators, improper placement of students and lack of parental involvement. This is closely connected to Gerontology.

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Teachers should be ready and well prepared before they are hired. Many teachers in schools vocational programs are hired not on the basis of their experience. For example Mike Rose’s sophomore English teacher did not have enough experience because he used to working in a parking lot parking cars. When in class the students finished the play Julius Caesar that the class was issued to read by the district the teacher made his students read it again. Students usually learn more than a play in one class especially an English class but in this case the students did not learn any thing beyond the play and because the teacher did not posses all the skills of teaching, like knowing what to teach after the play was over they were limited on their learning and as result vocational education failed to educate them and many others. Sometimes the matter of not knowing more then they should have had comes to be obvious to some students.

Some of the students in the vocational education come to realize that their teachers are not helping them just because they are not ready and prepared. Mike Rose is one of those students who realized this situation. According to Mike Rose his English teacher, had very little training in English and that he did not like most of his teachers get the students “engaged” their students to the subject that was being studied. The quality and teacher selection is poor and because of this the students in the vocational education are not receiving a good education. The students such as Mike Rose exemplify how education that is being thought by the vocational education is failing them as well as others because the teachers had no idea how to involve their students with their studies. Some times student’s evaluate themselves and wonder why they are placed in lower level courses if the course that they are taking is not challenging to them and they feel like they can be successful in higher level courses.

Placement of some students by mistake into the vocational education is another way that vocational education is failing to educate. These types of errors occur and cause the students with higher skills to b placed in lower division classes. Mike Rose for example entered “Our Lady Of Mercy” school and he was placed in the vocational education due to the mistake that the school made with his last name. The school mismatched is last name with another student by the same last name who goes into the vocational education and as a result Mike Rose was placed in the vocational education. Mike Rose did not learn that much while he was in vocational education, he had the potential to do well based on his results of his placement test. But instead he was placed in courses where most of the materials that were thought were really basic and did not help him get educated and because of this limitation vocational education is failing people like Mike Rose and is a bad choice for education. Some times students need to reach out or to be reached out by an outside reliable source for help.

Parents should be involved and aware of their children’s academic performance, but in the vocational education parents are no kept up to date on their children’s academic performance.

For example in vocational classes where some students are performing very poorly and they need help the teachers do not notify their student’s parents of their children’s performance.

When some parents are not notified of their children’s performance in school they have to find out on their own from their children or contact the teachers. Most of the teachers have second jobs and when the parents try to contact them they are busy and can not be reached, or when the parents try to find out about their children’s performance directly from their own kids they do not at most of the time get any answers simply because their children are shy to tell their parents and do not want to be punished. Some parents are always busy and do not get to find out even though they want to because of their job, and the parents that really want to find out contact the school and when they are not happy with the schools performance and notice that the schools are not going to do much about the situation and that the majority of the other parents are not involved they transfer their child out of that school. If the parents are notified and are able to communicate to either their kids or their teachers both to find solutions for their child’s success, then vocational education would not fail, but unfortunately this is not taking place and the vocational education is failing and proving that it is not a help at all towards good education.

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Term Paper on George Byron

Lord Gordon George Noel Byron was a famous and celebrated poet of the Romantic Period (1785 – 1830). The heart-touching poem “So, we`ll go no more a roving” hints to the mid-life crisis of the writer. Moved by his altering relationships and resulting consequences he decides to modify his way of life.

In the progress of his term paper I show the complexity and ambiguity of this poem. Developing 2 theories I hint to the importance of background information concerning the Romantic Period and the author`s context. At the end I conclude the arguments deciding for one theory.

Emotional analysis - thoughts that arise
What can be said at the beginning about the emotional effect on the reader? It is quite difficult to say something about the general reaction of a poem because every person who reads will read it in another mood and condition.

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After the first reading the reader feels confused because of the poem’s seemingly irregular meter and the deeper meaning the reader is searching for. But the poem’s persona – perhaps a soldier – “sings” a melancholy (because of its sad meter) and tired (marching) song. The spokesman could address companions or a harem of affairs by saying “we`ll”. But it is safe that he has to pause at night although he wants to satisfy his (sexual) desire. In the second stanza the booklover gets an idea of why the persona has to relax. Maybe long walks or an exaggerated life style with many liaisons (“a roving”) and inner or outer fighting sequences (interpreted in “the sword outwears its sheath”) undermine and burn him out. At last the lyrical I concludes in the third stanza that originally “the night was made for loving”. But he has to expect the next day – with walks, battles and fights or an absolute different routine– so that he must recover right now.

The reader may feel moved by the missed love no matter who is meant: a lonely soldier who wants to be back at home or a lonely ordinate civilian who is confused concerning his behaviour. There are deep and strong feelings uttered: exhaustion, hope and love.

Repeatedly reading of these 12 verses will at least confirm one of these varying theories and show the poem`s whole beauty behind a complex construction of rhetorical features.

Textual analysis - technical and formal features
By reading the text several times the reader recognises its structure and how it works. It is obvious that this poem is a short lyric because it presents an emotion in a personal, reflective type; more precisely it is speculative to whom this poem is dedicated or indirectly addressed – a past love for example. It is devided in three quatrains with six lines rhyming in each stanza using an alternate rhyme (abab) through the whole poem. All verse endings are pure rhymes except “loving” and “roving” for the reason that they only seem to fit perfectly - therefore they have to be called an eye rhyme.

The predominant meter is basically trochaic tetrameter but is substituted by iambic trimeter in verses 2 and 8 while an anapaestic diameter is used in the closing sequence. Additionally the cadences fluctuate in the first and last stanza between masculine (stressed syllables) and feminine (unstressed syllables) in contrast to the second stanza where male cadences form an integrated whole to underline their significance.

Besides this the poem starts by taking up the title including an anaphora of (the first exclamatory) “So,”. Combined with a echo of vowel sounds (“o”), called assonance, it is followed by the next line without a pause (enjambment). These effects create a spooky and undecided feeling linked with tensed up lyrical I who needs a break to recover and think about life’s sense without interruption (of women). The variations in meter and rhyme point out a persona torn by inner conflicts concerning duty, to be a good soldier or ordinate husband, and desire, to be a passionate lover.

Even the selection of caesura – every stanza finishes with a full stop and the confronted keywords such as “sword” / ”sheath”, “soul” / ”breast”, “heart” / ”breathe”, “love” and “rest” in the second stanza – underline the speaker’s unsatisfied and “look around” condition. The presenter directs the readers´ attention to his keywords and importance to response by using these several personifications. These personifications are correlated with seemingly illogical (local) contrasts. In fact a (internal) heart pulsates instead of breathing (external visible). Effect of these features is the focus to the rest of love itself, which seem to be the most important matter of the poem – representing a change of life. Adding another anaphora (“And”) to these symbols at the beginning of lines 6, 7 and 8 - crossed with the repetition of “Though” at the launch and “loving” at the end of lines 3 and 9, it also consolidates the hypothesis of exhaustion and torment – physically (external) and psychically (internal). This causes confusion and stimulates the reader to search for a deeper meaning. But hope for a happy end is not lost at this climax.

The third stanza summarises a confidently look back to the origin of nights sense by using the past tense and gives a hint to the importance of tenses in general used in this poem. Passing by the present tense representing present-day the author repeats the first verse (and title) almost identically. Only the first word is converted: the helpless and confused exclamatory “So,” becomes a strengthen and weighted “Yet”. As well as in the first two lines (written in will future to mark the outlook) the reader finds a run-on line at the end. But now it introduces the well-considered decision to take a break e. g. for relaxing from all exertions. Taking the dictum of the title up again the arrangement reminds of a frame and ensures that time is reflected in the use of the tenses.

The authors view of reality
The picture framed shows a weary and torn speaker in search of a beloved person or love itself. The emerging reality in this poem – like almost every famous poem – is mysterious and multi-layered. The poet decides to interrupt his roving within the stanzas. At the beginning he declares a wish interspersed with doubt. But through diagnosing his state of collapse he passes a resolution. What is desired by the author to convey to the reader? It seems that the poet wants to suggest the complexity of coming to a decision – especially in cases of love. The writer reflects his own desire to change his way of life and the problems arising by the attempt of realising his wish. Therefore the motto is: (spare) time will bring an answer. The roving (a metaphor of a search) by night (a metaphor of thoughtless desire) will not be continued further more.

Language
What else can be said about the language? The way of expressing feelings, discussing philosophical problems or telling a story is fairly hard by choosing the right expressions and combining them with rhetorical features. Besides poetry should generate tension in order to compel attention. At the same time the poem has to be simple and profound to the reader.

Byron illustrates a successful realisation of these indications. He transfers the torn state into a mixed meter and uses metaphors as illustrative material. It shows impressive the importance of the language of poetry as well as the poetry of language.

But it is even a famous work of the Romantic Age. This era is known for its effusive moods, which are expressed implicit. Especially love in The Romantic Period is more than just a mood. It is a developing process, which is linked with life and its highs and lows. Although it was a general believe during this period that true love has to be the most powerful force given to mankind.

Context
But how does this theory of a refused love fit into the background of Lord Byron’s poem? As a result of a closer inspection of the author’s context the previously speculations will hopefully become more securely proofed.

The more extensive personal environment shows George Gordon Noel Byron as a person born with a clubfoot and grew up without a father (died in 1791) in Aberdeen, Scotland (connection to the refrain of the Scottish song: The Jolly Beggar). It was rumoured that his nurse made advances to him at the age of nine. Combined with Byron’s early-idealised love for his distant cousins formed his paradoxical attitudes toward women. At the age of 10 he became Baron Byron of Rochdale and moved to Nottingham, England, where Mrs. Byron’s attorney became his guardian. The advocate took him to London and sent him to a school in Dulwich, later to Harrow. Perhaps his friendships with boys lead him to his sexual ambivalence, which became more evident at Cambridge (1805) and later in Greece (1823). But he developed his writing skills because of the refused love of a distant cousin since 1803. On reaching his majority in January 1809, he took his seat in the House of Lords and added to his melancholy poetry some satire. 1809 – 1811 Byron was on a grand expedition: Spain, Gibraltar, Malta, Albania and the impressive Greece (“with sunshine and moral tolerance of the people”). After his arrival in London on 14 July 1811 his mother died on August 1. In November 1811 the writer was introduced to the recipient of this analysed poetical letter Thomas Moore. Before he swept into affairs with several affairs again he enlarged his motives with “disillusionment of the post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras” as well as the disparity between the romantic ideal and the world of reality. Seeking escape he married on 2 January 1815 and got a legitimate daughter, Augusta Ada Milbanke, on 10 December 1815. But in January his wife and daughter left him forever. The result was that he “signed the legal separation papers and went abroad, never returning to England” and journeyed to Switzerland. After his stay at Villa Diodati his second illegitimate daughter was born (12 January 1817), named Allegra Alba Clairmont (his first Elizabeth Medora Leigh, daughter of his half sister). In Venice Byron has another relationship with his landlord's wife.

Built-in a letter written from Venice to Thomas Moore on February 28, 1817 this poem’s first publication took place in Letters and Journals of Lord Byron (1830), six years after Byron`s death. But the immediate personal situation is described in the preceding account of his Lenten occasion. After Carnival season the poet finds >“the sword wearing out the scabbard”, though I have but just turned the corner of twenty nine<. Right from the beginning of the poem complex dimensions are making numerous meanings possible: Does a “soldier” express his miss of love (at home) and the needed pause? Or does the creator refer to his own conduct/history with mysterious and multi-layered relationships especially after his 29. birthday - a kind of a mid-life crisis? Conclusion Both theories have a common basis: inner conflicts concerning social duty and personal desire as well as the resulting physically and psychically exhaustion and the importance of love and rest. But by opening it that way it is requested to take a closer look at the poem/its context, and makes it in the end possible for the reader to find his individual explanations. I think Byron reflects his scandalous life and his broken heart. But his love and desire is still alive. “We’ll”, the form, which indicates togetherness, therefore refers to the future symbolising hope for a successful change of life. Moreover he emphasises his expected shift by the use of all 3 forms of tense and time as well as several other rhetorical features. But finally it can be assumed that the attractiveness of his poem may derives from the simple hunger for love. Love was one of the main topics through the Romantic Period (1785 – 1830) and it is still nowadays.

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Essay on Corruption

The book examines the numerous aspects and dimensions of corruption which included reasons for the rise of corruption, the strategies involved, the monetary value, the kinds of good exchanged and the incidence in China since 1949. According to the author Julia Kwong, the reasons why corruption was so prominent since then were due to several factors- lack of resources, a high concentration of power which led to abuse of power by the state-officials at every level (the exchange of power for personal benefits), and the absence of an institutionalized criminal justice system. She has suggested that there was a relationship between corruption and the political economy, how the ideology and organizational structures under the socialism in china can at once restrain and encourage corruption. She has also explored how the corruption has gone through drastic change between 1949 to 1989 coincided with the change of socialism to the introduction of limited forms of market economy. Under the Classical Socialism which was between 1949 to 1976 when the corruption declined and under Market Socialism which was between 1976 to 1989 when the corruption start to increase and develop. She continued to examined how the socialist features of Chinese Society shaped the corruption in the economy sector, how the domination of Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefit the work unit or enjoying state property on the job. The author ended the book by proposing some solutions to the problems of corruption and searching for Honest Governance, how it will benefit both the people and the country as a whole.

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Chapter 1. The meaning of Corruption
In this chapter, Julia Kwong grappled with the meaning of corruption. Since this book focused on state employees and since the ruling group in any society legitimizes social conduct and sets the limits on proscribed behavior, she examined the legal administrative pronouncements that represented the dominant views of Chinese society on the matter. The legal code outlined narrow and behaviorally identifiable criteria of corruption to guide the behavior of the general public, whereas the rules of conduct provided by the Chinese government as the largest if not the sole employer specified expectations foe almost all of the country¡¯s working adults. She explored the meanings of corruption at these two levels and the changes in interpretations over times. From a plethora of nuances and meaning of corruption, she developed a simple generic definition: Corruption is breaking legal and organizational rules to use public goods or the power vested in one¡¯s public office for private ends. In short, it is the exchange of power for personal benefits.

Chapter 2. The Social Context
This chapter provided a useful background for readers not familiar with Chinese social development and delineated the background necessary to understand corruption in that country. The forty years between 1949 and 1989 coincided with the transition from socialism to introduction of limited forms of market economy. These changes were incremental, but for the purpose of my analysis she used the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 to divide these years into two broad periods and highlighted features of the political economy impinged on the work organization to influence the behavior of the administrative staff in the state bureaucracy.

Chapter 3. Socialist Mode of Corruption
In this chapter, Julia Kwong took a synchronic approach and examined how the socialist features of Chinese society shaped corruption in the economic sector. It identified three basic characteristics of communist governments and showed how the domination of the Communist Party, the lack of private ownership, and the absence of free markets produced popular forms of gray corruption, such as administrators¡¯ breaking organizational rules to benefits the work unit or enjoying state property on the job.

Chapter 4. The Parabola of Corruption
This chapter took a diachronic approach looking at the changed incorruption over time. Although the incidence of corruption, the monetary values involved, and the proportion of individual corruption increased over the years, there was no dramatic changed in the kinds of goods traded. However, fraud, speculation, and other means one generally associated with illicit strategies used in the market economy became more common.

The pre-1976 Chinese society characterized by a low level of production, a high concentration of power at the top, and a weak formal criminal justice system had a lower incidence of corruption than the post-1976 society, with higher production, better standards of living, greater local authority, and a more institutionalized criminal justice system. The trend observed here challenges the popular wisdom that attributes corruption to the lack of resources, a high concentration of power, and the absence of a strong criminal justice system. Thus, I sought an explanation to these changed in the shifting political economy of the society.

Chapter 5. The Dynamics of Corruption
This chapter pilled together the different observations to provide a theoretical understanding of corruption in socialist China. The answer offered is not dissimilar to John Hagan¡¯s power control theory, which attributed crimes to the differential power relations in the economic structure. Corruption is committed by those in power. While Hagan focused on the managers - power location in the organization, Julia Kwong ventured beyond its boundary to seek an explanation in the structure of the political economy. Administrators are always given more power than their subordinates. Vesting power in administrators is unavoidable in the functioning of any bureaucracy but this power can also be used as capital to exchange for goods and opportunities for their personal benefits. The propensity for this to happen rests not just on the conditions within the organizations, but changes in the political economy which structure the opportunities and constraints within the organizations. She used the transition from socialism to market socialism in China between 1949 and 1989 to illustrate how these structural changes shaped the authority and prerogative of state officials in the workplace and how the concomitant cultural changed shaped the ambience within the organizations. The specific congeries of these different forced within and outside the work organizations provides different opportunities and constraints, as well as moral restraints and incentives, for corruption, which in turn explains the evolution of and differences in corruption between the classical socialist and the market socialist period in China.

Chapter 6. A Look to the Future
At this last chapter, Julie Kwong said: ¡°Eight years have passed since the citizens of Beijing demonstrated against government corruption on Tian¡¯anmen Squaere. The anti-corruption campaigns launched in the aftermath of these demonstrations increased the supervision of state employees, and intensified the pressure on officials to follow administrative rules. These measures temporarily reduced corruption. But without any fundamental changes in the cultural climate and opportunity structures, the incidence of corruption and shade financial transactions have surpassed those of the eighties. At the same time, some forms of corruption popular in the late eighties declined. In her view, the political economy of corruption in China will be continues until the fundamental changes appear.

As a Chinese, after reading this book, I thought a lot of things. There is no doubt that the corruption is a very serious problem in China because I have lived personally in China myself for nearly 20 years. Every year, there are reports that government officials including senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude. But I don't think the only solution is to change the cultural climate and opportunity structures. First, I want to point out I am not disagree with Julia Kwong. In my opinion, corruption is a popular problem in every country, in every different structure society, not just happen in China. USA, which is a typical country of capitalism too have a lot of political corruption. The corruption of the system may be best reflected in the 2000 presidential election. This election was literally stolen and then justified by legal maneuvering. Millions of Afro-American and other oppressed nationalities were denied their right to vote with all sorts of dirty tricks and police intimidation (and older Jewish people had their votes cast for the notorious anti-Semite Buchanan) culminating in 5 unelected individuals of the U.S. Supreme Court anointing and crowning an unelected and illegitimate leader of the imperialist camp, George W. Bush. Therefore, I think the corruption is a necessary path for every country when they are developing, even in some developed countries, it is inevitable.

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Term Paper on Ferdinand Marcos

Claro M. Recto patterned the Philippine Constitution after the U.S. Constitution so that President Franklin D. Roosevelt would ratify the Tydings-McDuffie Act which would enable the Philippines to regain their freedom. President Roosevelt approved the Constitution because the purpose of benevolent assimilation was to teach the Philippines how to form and administer a Republican form of government that would recognize human rights. In accordance with the U.S. constitution, the Philippine Constitution is regarded as the supreme law which promotes democracy to which all laws are subordinate.

The word democracy arose from the Greek word, Demos, which means ‘many’ while the latter part of the word means ‘rule’ and so the word would come to mean ‘Rule of Many’. However, it is obvious that the goal of democracy; the very foundation on which the ideology was built, is a concept that has not come to be realized in the Philippines. There are three important points that must be addressed before one can analyze democracy; that is that democracy: for the people, by the people and of the people.

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The first point implies that the aim of an efficient democratic government is to make sure that all citizens of the state enjoy the human rights which are inherent to them through the creation, implementation and interpretation of law as overseen by the executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government. The second point focuses on the source of power which is the people because government officials should represent the needs of the people while the third clarifies that these officials are, in essence, accountable to the people. Looking at the history of injustice, corruption and prevalent poverty, the problem is not that there is too much democracy but that there is too little because the concept of democracy is not understood or perhaps ignored by our so-called “public servants”.

To prove this, we shall look at several historic events which are supposedly the manifestation of democracy. The first example of such is the EDSA Revolution which occurred in the 22nd of February 1986. While many would argue that it is an example of too much democracy because the mob mentality asserted itself so much that it deposed Ferdinand Marcos, we shall take a different view. Let us first look at the reason why it occurred. So many allies of Marcos and his family profited from the misery of the people because they did not understand that they were suppose to serve the people.

After 26 years of ignorance of our rights, the people were clamoring for change. The people wanted to change the leaders of government because the government was self-serving, and inefficient. Marcos’ purpose was to annihilate the power of the masses by having the elite control the society. The elite few were composed of his associates and family members. The control of the people were slowly transferred to the elite who possessed both wealth and political influence which allowed them to make political and economic decisions that would benefit themselves instead of the masses. In essence, they were the source and beneficiaries of power.

When former President Marcos was ousted, the primary aims of the Aquino administration was to destroy what the ‘power structure’ of Marcos left, to bring back the integrity of the society towards the government, and to put an end to the rebelliousness of the military and radicals. But unfortunately the Aquino administration wasn’t able to accomplish its objectives. First of all, peace talks brought about nothing more than temporary solutions, the abundance of communist movements remained; despite the written settlements between the new government and the army, the army never acquired complete trust from the government; the violation of human rights worsened, finally, the revised constitution still favored the elite and the Aquino constitution did not wipe the power from the Marcos supporters. (Bakker, 1997: pp.20-33)

Another example is the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) II, which took place on the 17th of January 2001. The primary reason for the gathering of most of the citizens during this incident was to remove the former President Joseph Estrada from his position. Let us look at the cause of why this occurrence really took place. Rumors emerged from different sections of the society suspected him for corrupting the whole nation, and having a big role in heading the scams that were going on during his reign as president. Both these rumors and statistics brought about the trial for his impeachment. The trial gave suspicion to the people by showing the possibility of Estrada in paying all his Senators under him to do everything they can to prove him not guilty. Suspicion of the people, both lay and elite, brought about chaos and therefore began the EDSA II. Therefore, the people lost their trust from the President which generally initiated the elite to influence a few of the low class to the ousting of Estrada in unity with them.

The administration of Estrada was handed down to his Vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo whose goals however, were not in whole accordance to the ousting of Estrada. She mostly continued the goals of Ramos’ administration instead of Estrada’s. Being an economist, she wanted to somewhat concentrate on bringing the economy upward, but her intentions weren’t meant because of the chaos that has been going on in the world and in our own country. She also wanted to obtain stability among the citizens, but seeing the continuous threats and terrorism from rebellious groups it is easy for us to see that this objective of hers might never be achieved. She may have provided the Filipino citizens with solutions to these problems, yet it is obvious that the solution is just temporary that it would never be used by the succeeding president.

In conclusion to this argument, the Philippines has too little democracy because the people don’t really understand what democracy is and what it should be. Even most of the former and present government officials, and the citizens do not understand what should be done for the country to be a democratic nation. There is no official fact that the officials do not know the exact meaning of democracy, or that they are just acting as if they truly understand what the nation should be doing in order for Filipinos to be democratic. It is obvious, however, that these officials are wise and intellectual for they were able to persuade the people to put them in their desired positions. What is not right, though, is that these officials are using there power of persuasion to convince the people that democracy is when they stand together against an official, instead of addressing them that democracy is actually when they control the government.

The examples of both People Powers are the best examples that show how Filipinos perceive democracy. For them, standing together against a government official is democratic; they never took time to realize what would happen to the nation once an official is replaced. In my opinion, democracy should be, if against an official, well thought about, but if the problem with the official is very insignificant, then the people does not need to rally but just needs to let the official realize what he should do for the better of the nation. The people, therefore, should never take for granted the petty mistakes of an official, for this simply shows how we take care of our nation as well. The people should also, always be reminded that they were the ones who placed the officials in their rightful positions, as a result, they should be responsible for what they have decided upon.

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Essay on Atomic Bomb

In 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and followed by another on Nagasaki a few days later ending WWII. President Truman’s decision to use the bombs is often criticized by many. Some historians say that the bomb was necessary and others strongly debate the issue.

Many researchers say that they atomic bombs were not necessary. They argue that there were alternatives to the bomb such as “naval blockade, modifications of the unconditional surrender terms, conventional bombing, and waiting to see if the Soviet’s entry into the war would prompt the Japanese to surrender”. I personally disagree with this opinion because I think that the naval blockade and conventional bombing wouldn’t have made a big enough change, modification of the surrender terms would have cheated the U.S. out of things, and waiting longer could’ve taken a long time.

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General George C. Marshall agreed with the bombs and thought that an additional invasion would be necessary. He noted that a raid with conventional bombs in Japan previously had no effect whatsoever. Following this point, it is said that “it took another six days after the second atomic bombing…before Hirohito cited the “new and most cruel bomb” in announcing the surrender.” Marvin Fletcher explains that the U.S. knew that Japan had no intent to surrender and that dropping the bombs to prove that the Japanese had lost the war was a necessary choice. Fletcher continues to say that in his mind, the number of Americans and Japanese deaths would have been higher following invasion plans versus the numbers from the bombing of Hiroshima. I agree with Marshall and Fletcher’s opinions fully. Dropping the atomic bombs took six long days to force the


Japanese to surrender. It would have turned out differently if the U.S. had continued the invasions and conventional bombings.

As for those opposed to the bombings, they mainly believe that it was unnecessary. Alonzo Hamby says that “the denouncers of the atomic bombing are joined by many aggrieved Japanese who see themselves as victims of a terrible and indiscriminate weapon. All humane individuals would prefer that the bomb had not been used.” But if we reason with what was said from Truman, (he “hoped there was a possibility of preventing an Okinawa from one end of Japan to the other.”) we realize that he wanted to save American lives. Eleanor Roosevelt told a memorial service audience that “Truman made the only decision he could when he ordered the use of the atomic bomb. It was necessary to use the bomb to avoid tremendous sacrifice of American lives.” Truman was a WWI veteran and knew what the battlefield was like. It was estimated that 46,000 Americans would have been killed in invasions of both islands. For some reason, people educated of this still disagree with the use of the atomic bombs.

While the atomic deaths were horrifying, Professor Donald Jordan says that they were not unrivaled. Jordan shows that the deaths from the atomic bomb were simply “pale shadows” to the deaths from the Japanese military’s systematic killings and abusing of the 1937 Rape of Nanjing. I think that if more people were educated on everything on both sides, they would see more use of the bombs. Many other countries vary on who they see as the victims of the whole issue. The Chinese and Koreans say, “The rest of Asia was the victims.” I don’t necessarily agree with this, but then again, I am not fully educated on what went on in surrounding countries.

Even though almost 24,000 Japanese were killed, I think that dropping the atomic
bombs were necessary. I don’t think that waiting for the Japanese surrender would have been as effective- nor do I think that sticking to invasions would have worked as well. If we were to modify the terms of the unconditional surrender agreement, it wouldn’t really have been an unconditional surrender. I believe that the bombs were effective in the fact that they did a lot for the American people. Not only did it save lives, but it gave the people assurance that there was an American victory.

Soon after the Nagasaki bombing, it was all done with for the Americans. President Truman wanted to save lives and I think he did just that. By researcher’s calculations, more deaths would’ve occurred in land and sea invasions, but by dropping the bombs, the American lives were saved. In closing, I respect Truman for his decision of dropping the atomic bombs on Japan.

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Term Paper on Geopolitics

Any country in today’s world has gone through many changes to get where it is in our present time. Countries are highly influence by the geography of the land around it. Most countries today turned out the way they were because of geopolitics, or the study of geography and how it effects on politics (Dictionary). For instance, some may have won a war for independence, or another country may have cut connections from the mother land. These things could have only been done if the geography did not work on their side. Japan has been transformed into the country that exists today because of the geography that shaped it, turning it into the great country it is today. Japan is in the position it is today because of geography, plate tectonics, wind patterns, climate, and its recent war history.

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Since the borders of Japan are defined by the islands that Japan sits on, geography and plate tectonics played a large role in how they were formed. The islands of Japan are really the tops of summits of a huge chain of undersea mountains (Encarta). These undersea mountains were created when the colliding of the Eurasion and Pacific tectonic plates lifted and warped the earth’s crust (Plate). This violent reaction caused volcanic eruptions granite that pushed the mountains above the surface of the sea. This is why Japan’s very mountainous, around 75 percent. The forces that created the islands are still at work today because the Island sits on the ring of fire. Earthquakes still occur regularly in Japan, and about 40 of the country’s 188 volcanoes are active (Encarta). This represents 10 percent of the world current active volcanoes (Encarta). Four great islands were created that make up 95 perent of the total area of Japan, while over 3,000 more islands exist making up the rest.

Climate also played an important role in shaping the Japan of today. Because Japan is centered on the 35th Parallel, Japan lies on the northeast tip of the Asian Monsoon Zone that encompasses India, China, Korea, and the Southeast Asian countries (LC). The weather is usually mild and humid with drastic changes from north to south, and across the central mountain ranges from east to the west (LC). Japan has four distinct seasons and feature three periods of heavy precipitation. The first heavy precipitation happens durings the winter where the predominate westerly winds in the northern hemisphere push wind up against the westward facing mountains of Japan (LC). As a result orthographic lifting occurs, this causes the mountains to receive heavy snow throughout the winter. The next rainy season occurs in the early summer. The Japanese call this tsuyu, which essentially means the rainy season. This is causes by the monsoon winds which carry moister from the ocean to Japan where orthographic lifing once again helps the production of precipitation. The last heavy precipitation period occurs in the fall, where typhoons batter mostly the southern part of Japan. Some typhoons can be catastrophic and cause many deaths and millions of dollars in damage. The combination of these three rainy season, make the average annual precipitation more than double that of the world average (LC).
Since winds play an important role in how the climate of Japan, winds are causes by differences in temperature which causes changes in pressure and air to flow from one area to another. Although it should be noted that winds do not blow in a straight line. This is known as the Coriolis Effect and it bends every wind on Earth, resulting in a distinct pattern of winds around the world caused by the rotation of the Earth. The Coriolis Effect makes the wind blow mainly from the east north of the equator, which explains the westerly winds during Japan’s winter precipitation season.

One would think that because the precipitation Japan receives is double that of the world average, that Japan would have relatively little water shortage problems. However this is not the case. Because Japan’s population is so dense the per capita precipition is only 1/6th that of the world average. The Rivers of Japan area so erratic that it is hard to capture water from them too. Because of this situation the Japanese have move near the edges of rivers and as a result are prone to flooding each year (LC). Because of Japans mild climate and abundance of precipitaton and volcanic ground, the soil of Japan is very fertile. Agriculture is very popular in Japan as it takes up around the same amount of area as all the other space occupied by the Japanese (LC).

A large history encompasis Japan, because its island based roots. It is estimated human beings inhabited the island as long as 200,000 years ago (Encarta). It is thought that because of the Ice Age during this time there was a land bridge from the Korean Penisula to Japan. So peoples from the mainland of asia were easily able to travel to the current island of Japan. However, at the time these people were disorganized and had no organization or any political system. The first organization of a political system happened around 57 A.D. when the King of the Wo tribe first made contact with China. It was documented the Chinese that around the 3rd Century, the Wo had formed several countries. While these countries were the first step to organization the rulers were not monarchies, but sort of advisors that had managers that took care of the individual regions of the countries.

Around five centuries later in the 8th century took a new direction in government. It borrowed from the Chinese. As a result Japan’s new imperial state became highly centralized. Appointed officials, organized into eight hierarchical ranks, were administered the government. The country was divided into provinces managed by governors who were dispatched from the capital (Encarta). The economic system was also taken from Chinese and used by the Japanese. The Japanese also took a Census every 6 years in order to get an accurate population estimate (Encarta). They took this data and redistributed land every 6 years; this ensured that everyone had enough land to live off of. Japan also maintained good relations with the empires around it for trading (Encarta).

Japan fell into a period of Civil war for 5 years that ended 1185. The uprising was led by Minamoto Yoritomo, who turned the Japanese government into a warrior based government. Because of the changes, Japan would be able to hold off two invasions by the battle harded Mongols because of its new warrior class system. During this Warrior class era, the Japanese also made contact with the west for the first time in 1549 with Jesuit Missionary, Francis Xavier. This Warrior class system lasted from the 12th Century to the late 19th Century (Encarta).

In the 1880’s the emergence of the Japan that exists today starts to occur. A new type of emperor-centered state developed. This was done because of their contacts with the west. They learned that a more civilized state had a consitition and conforming the western ideals. This would strengthen Japan as a whole too (Encarta). Japan also made the effort to become industrialized in the 1870’s and became a fully industrialized country in the 1890’s. Following the model layed down by “civilized” countries such as France and England, Japan also sought to acqure colonies and thus its empire. They acquired colonies by taken over other countries and as a result of winning over Germany’s colonies that it lost in World War I.

During the period of World War II, Japan was once again seeking to expand its political and economic power in Asia. However, the United States frowned upon anymore violence during this time. As a result the United States placed an embargo on Japan and eventually a complete trade block. Rather than be humiliated Japan by the United States, Japan attack Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Japanese took a gamble and thought the American people would not have the heart to battle to the end. However, they were wrong in there assumption and were attacked with Nuclear bomb, while at the same time Russian declared war on them. The Japanese surrendered as a result.

After the surrender the United States transformed Japan from an aggressor nation, into the peaceful democratic nation that exists today. The Americans help rebuilded Japan and put it back as an economic superpower. Japan became economically weathly again, after the Korean war where the United Nations used Japan as an operated base to ship supplies and command the war. As a result fast urbanization occurred and in 30 years Japan became the 3rd largest economy in the world. This had a downlside though, because now Japan had to deal with overcrowding and cramped living condition that one sees today.

The history of Japan has been a dramatic and eventful one. Japan was transformed into the country that exists today because of the geography that shaped it, turning it into the great country it is today. Japan is in the position it is today because of geography, plate tectonics, wind patterns, climate, and its recent war history.

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Essay on Cosmetology

Cosmetologists, who are also called beauty operators, hairdressers, hairstylers, or beauticians, provide many services related to the care and grooming of hair, skin, and nails. Most cosmetologists associate with hair, but they may give facials and manicures, provide makeup analysis, and sell beauty products and wigs. Some just specialize in one or more things. They must be creative and artistic in order to meet their clients’ needs (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 1).

There has always been the need for cosmetologists. People have always wanted to look their best and have wanted trained professionals to do so. The earliest historical record of cosmetology comes from the 1st Dynasty of Egypt (circa 3100-2907 BC).

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The women of Egypt developed the art of decorating the eyes by applying dark green color to the under lid and by blackening the lashes and the upper lid with kohl, a preparation made from antimony or soot. It is likely that the Jews adopted the use of cosmetics from the Egyptians, since references to the painting of faces appear in the Old Testament.

Today, cosmetology is among the largest personal service industries. There are nearly 1/4 million cosmetologists and barbers in the United States (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 3). The largest growing service in cosmetology is manicurists. Manicurists are cosmetologists who work with nails. They use many tools while doing this: warm, soapy water; cuticle remover and oil; cuticle knife and pusher; nippers; files; and emery boards. After all of that, they apply polish to the nails (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 2).

Many qualifications are needed to become a cosmetologist. It is critical for any cosmetologist to have perfectly trimmed, smooth, clean nails when working on a clients face, head, hands, or body. They must have patience for people, a good-eye for facial structure, a clear understanding for colors and how to create them, and an interest in helping people to look their best (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 3). It is important that cosmetologists understand the clients’ instructions and visualize how the style will effect the appearance of the client. They have to be aware of the newest styles and products, and have knowledge of how the shape of the head and face influence someone (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 1).

If a cosmetologist is going to be working on mostly hair, they may shampoo, cut, curl, straighten, style, color, bleach, and/or tint their clients hair if it is alright with the client. To do this they may use the following: shampoo sinks, hairdryers, hand-held blow dryers, brushes, curling iron, scissors, razors, rollers, and/or heat lamps. They select what they will do to the clients hair based upon the condition of the scalp, and the condition and texture of the hair (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 1).

Although most cosmetologists work with hair, many do other services, too. Working with the skin and makeup is one of them. A cosmetologist who is going to do this must be able to recognize a variety of minor skin conditions. Generally they use lotions, creams, hot towels, clays, oils, face packs, and massagers. They will apply those listed to correct oily, dry, or darkened skin. They may remove unwanted hair with waxes or creams. A few cosmetologists who work with skin complete a special training in electosys which allows them to remove unwanted hair with an electric needle (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 1). Skin care industry will benefit greatly from this interest in health and youth, and will continue to grow rapidly (Chronic Guidance, 1987, p. 1).

Cosmetology is a rapidly expanding field. Hundreds of jobs occur with each new cosmetic company. It will always be a major importance because people everywhere will always want to look their best and want good professionals to help them to do so (Gearhart, 1985, p. 71).

If a high-schooler knows they would like to become a cosmetologist, there are helpful courses they can take such as art, biology, and chemistry. If they plan on operating their own salon, then courses in book keeping, math, and business would be useful. These classes would be very helpful in the cosmetology business (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 2).

A cosmetologist must have a license in order to perform services. All cosmetologists must be sixteen years or older and must complete the required number of hours for training in their state. The number of hours is usually between 1,000 to 2,000, or six months to a year. After high school, most cosmetologists attend private or public schools offering programs in cosmetology.

There are about 4,000 schools that offer this (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 3). In some states, a cosmetologist must pass a physical exam and be graduated from high school. Others, however, only require graduation from the eighth grade (US Department of Labor, 2000, p. 2).

Formal training programs include classroom study, demonstrations, and practical work. Cosmetologists in training attend lectures on the use and care of instruments, sanitation and hygiene, chemistry, basic anatomy and physiology, and recognition of certain skin ailments (US Department of Labor, 2000, p. 2).

A cosmetologist should posses artistic talent and sales ability. They should also have an interest in serving the public. They have to be in good health, have an average physical stamina, and be neat and well-groomed. Having a pleasant and outgoing personality is very helpful towards a them in order to get clients. Cosmetologists are expected to have good memories to remember their clients and have the ability to relate with people well. While a cosmetologist is working, they should be able to work with little direct supervision (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 2).

Employment in cosmetology is usually easy to find. Local unions often place graduates in their first jobs. The best places to find a good job in cosmetology are in bigger cities. That is where most people prosper and become known (Department of Public Affairs and Communications, 2003, p. 2).

Cosmetologists work in clean, pleasant surroundings. Most work in salons where they have good lighting and ventilation. Many salons have air-conditioning when it is hot outside because of the chemicals that might make the environment a little stuffy. Cosmetologists don’t only work in salons. Other places might be a nursing home, a children’s salon, cruise lines, department stores, men’s salons and others. They stand for most of the day and use their hands all the time. They deal with all kinds of clients. Some might be very rude and bossy and expect perfection. Others might be very kind and easy to have conversations with. Weekends and lunches are busy for cosmetologists so they take breaks at less popular hours of the day (US Department of Labor, 2000, p. 1).

The amount of salary that a cosmetologist is paid depends on a lot of things. First of all, the skill that they have has a lot to do with how much their salary will be. If they do not have very good skills, they won’t get to many clients. Also, the size and location of the place where they work has an effect on their salary. For the most part, beginners usually range around $310 to $340+ a week. Experienced cosmetologists earn $425 to $680 per week, and highly experienced might earn $750 or more per week (Cosmetologist, 2000, p. 3).

All cosmetologists receive tips and many receive commissions on the products they sell. Some salons pay bonuses to employees who bring in new business. Salary can be increased by taking more advanced courses and more education (US Department of Labor, 2000, p. 2).

There are many benefits in becoming a cosmetologist. Their future is secure financially and professionally. Professional services are always in demand because women and men desire professional beauty care all year long. Being a cosmetologist increases social and professional standing. They are exposed to new opportunities constantly. They might even begin their own establishment or become a hair-fashion authority. Work for a cosmetologist is always a challenge to their creative talents.

They continue to learn about fashion and professional beauty care. A qualified graduate can obtain a position easily upon graduation. With some other jobs, it might take a few years to get employed. They constantly are developing their own artistic talents and personal qualities to enhance their professional status. One great advantage is that if a cosmetologist decides to temporarily leave the cosmetology career, they can always reactivate later (National Cosmetology Association Inc., 2003, p. 2).

It is not very difficult for a cosmetologist to find work. There are many opportunities for them. They could be called to work at a live modeling show, theater, department store, beauty salon, and any promotional show such as a hairdresser convention. It takes a few years to be in demand like that, but once they get there, there will be opportunities like those listed (Gearhart, 1985, p. 45).

If a cosmetologist is working mostly with nails, they would be able to find work in any beauty salon, specialty shop, hotel, barber shop, department store, nail replace center, or a nail sculpting salon. If they are interested in make-up, demonstrating can be made into a very strong career. They might even be able to start their own business. Cosmetologists who work with hair and skin can find jobs in many of the same places as a make-up artist or manicurist (Gearhart, 1985, p. 44).

Cosmetologists who are only interested in communications have the opportunity to be a beauty editor, an editorial assistant for magazines, newspapers, or periodicals. They could also be a personal manager. Those who are only interested in merchandising can be a manager or sales person in department stores, boutiques, or salons. They could also be a cosmetic buyer or assistant buyer, a representative, or a director of sales in which they would do demonstrations and plan parties. Cosmetologists interested in scientific research can be research assistants in a cosmetic lab, survey specialists, technician supervisors, or they can specialize in restorative art as related to mortuary science (Chronic Guidance, 1987, p. 2).

Employment of cosmetology is projected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations through the year 2008. Job opportunities should be good because a number of employers report difficulties finding qualified applicants and numerous job openings will arise from turnover. The number of self-employed cosmetologists should continue to grow and opportunities will be better for those licensed to provide a broad range of cosmetology services.

Also, a surge in the demand for coloring services by teenagers and aging baby boomers will create many job openings for cosmetologists. The rapid growth in the number of spa salons that provide a full range of services will generate numerous job openings for cosmetologists who are trained to provide skin care services (US Department of Labor, 2000, p. 2).

Cosmetology has always been needed and/or wanted all over the world. It probably always will be, too. These creative and skilled artists make a difference in many people’s lives every day and give them more confidence about themselves.

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Term Paper on Gasoline

In these times of war threats and terrorism, it is becoming extremely difficult for United States diplomats to maintain friendly relationships with oil rich countries. As a result, the U. S. economy may be faced with a possible oil shortage and continuous rising gasoline prices. As stated in the article “All About the Oil”, Time Magazine “Iraqi exiles flew into Washington, D. C. in late January, 2003 for a two-day meeting with U. S. Diplomats. The Iraqis’ – engineers and economists invited by U. S. officials and intimately familiar with their country’s oil industry – spoke in English, not Arabic, for the benefit of the American observers”. The men insisted on keeping their identities secret to avoid retaliation from Baghdad. However, officials quickly figured out what the men’s purpose was - to prepare for a struggle over Iraq’s oil riches as soon as U. S. forces try to drive Saddam Hussein from power.

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In one particular meeting held between the United States and Iraqi diplomats to discuss the oil situation, Fadhil Chalabi, a former Secretary General of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and a member of the Iraqi exile group states, “It could take five years or more before Iraq can boost its output above levels achieved more than two decades ago”.

Iraq is at the top of many U. S. conversation lists as it is one of our largest resources of oil. Iraq’s proven oil reserves are estimated at 112 billion bbl., which is nearly five times larger than those of the United States and second only to Saudi Arabia’s 262 billion. If the United States does declare war on Iraq, our country’s economists will be faced with having to deal with less of one of our most needed resources. The rising costs, however, aren’t likely to stop oil companies from rushing to Iraq on the heels of the U. S. Army, but they will need to be patient.

How high can oil prices go and how long can U. S. gasoline suppliers continue to charge the rising prices? It will depend on how long the fighting will last if we do decide to fight, and whether or not there will be a major sabotage to Iraq’s oil fields. Iraq’s oil production could shut down completely for months.

What will this all mean to U. S. consumers of gasoline? American businesses will suffer, as rising fuel prices will increase their shipping costs, in turn creating a price increase in most other consumer goods. Some consumers will choose to shop around and go out of their way to purchase gas at cheaper prices. Others will be forced to carpool, walk, or buy smaller more economical vehicles. Of course, there will always be those people who will continue to pay the exuberant prices in order to avoid the inconvenience.

The response of consumers to a change in price is measured by the price elasticity of demand. Taking the law of demand into consideration, we would assume that as prices rise, demand for gasoline would decrease. However, this is not realistic in a society with a large majority of its citizens reliant on gasoline to fuel up their vehicles in order to get them to their destinations. Looking at the situation from this point of view, the demand for gasoline will probably remain inelastic suggesting that consumers will not be very responsive to the price hikes.

Technological advances might be considered in a crisis such as this. Scientists might be motivated to find new ways to develop less expensive types of fuel. They might also want to keep investigating the idea of more fuel-efficient vehicles.

Along with the rising gasoline prices, competition among suppliers will also increase. A war between gasoline stations is already in existence. Some gasoline sellers are offering lower prices in order to draw more business. When comparing these prices however, I have not found a significant enough difference to make me want to drive further. But how far will some people drive to save a few cents? Well it will all depend on the type of person and their spending patterns. Some will go the extra mile while others will not.

Income size will also play a major role in determining consumer behavior when faced with this particular situation of rising gasoline prices. Normally, most high-income people will continue to purchase gasoline without regard to the price. Lower income families on the other hand might have to take other measures. The lower income consumers will be the ones that will go looking for deals and find alternative ways to get around rather than using their own cars. The rising gasoline prices can create quite a dilemma for low-income families who are just barely getting by and living paycheck to paycheck.

How will this situation personally affect me? Being unemployed at the present time and loosing my job after 22 years, it’s going to hurt. I cannot afford to keep spending twenty six to thirty dollars every time I fill my tank. That’s been the average amount I have paid for the past month. I will have to become one of the creative consumers that will start looking for better deals and alternative ways of transportation. I am also thankful that I love to exercise, which makes walking more appealing to me. Hopefully these high gasoline prices will not last too long. Another personal consolation is that I will soon find a decent paying job to help me deal with the rising costs.

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Essay on Tennis

Keeping my eyes riveted on the fuzzy yellow globe speeding towards me with frightening force, I greet it a foot away from me, pounding it across the court with tremendous power. I quickly regain my balance to see my ball skid on the baseline. "Out!" As I stare in utter disbelief, I forget the game for a moment. Limping to the sideline, I tenderly maneuver my ailing body, seating myself on the wobbly, splintered bench. I feel overwhelmed: my shirt is pasted to my back with unceasing perspiration; sunscreen glides down my skin, stinging my eyes like sulfuric acid; my chest heaves, screaming for oxygen, as the energy is sucked out of my hot, sticky body. The sun is tromping me, each one hundred and three degrees hitting me simultaneously from every direction. My head throbs as I instinctively raise my water bottle for the eighteenth time, forgetting it is as empty as my moaning stomach. Now this lousy call. I feel like crap.

Oddly enough, I am still happy.

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Tennis is a drug. It is highly addictive with devastating withdrawal symptoms. The user exhibits a loss of appetite and constant cravings for the satisfying sensation of the tennis racquet's sweet spot and tennis ball getting more acquainted with each other. Restlessness and loss of sleep are common. Often, the addict is caught grunting, tossing and turning in bed, while mimicking forehands and serves. Mood swings are dauntingly unpredictable. The subject can go from a state of elated euphoria to racquet-chucking, foul-languaged dissatisfaction. Tennis is excellent at alleviating worldly pains, causing temporary memory loss, and complete numbness to all outer factors.
I confess: I am an addict.

Since the days of my childhood when the racquetball racquet was my weapon of choice and my father and I battled each other on the same half of the tennis court, I have been an addict.

Considering the problems that my drug has caused in my life, one would wonder why I continue to indulge and not seek rehabilitation. I have over-stretched hundreds of ACE wraps, spraining ankle after ankle, and have fallen victim to sporadic bouts of paralyzingly painful tennis elbow. I have been indicted by household officials innumerable times for misplacing my mother's priceless, and irreplaceable, limited-edition Igloo water bottles. I have poured more money into my drug than in any other activity, having bought racquets to replace those brutally killed in action. I have bought cases of tennis balls to replace those left life-less from constant string-thrashing abuse and have restrung my racquet with enough string to circumnavigate the earth...twice. I have even bought generic Wal-Mart water bottles, attempting to replace those mysteriously lost in the line of duty.
Still, I continue.

I continue because this drug has overpowered me, established itself within me, and become a part of me.

My drug has taught me patience and decisiveness, showing me which shots are consistently to be returned and which are to be put away with fatal precision. On the court of life, it has taught me that good things come to those who wait, but when the opportunity arises, to grasp and never look back. At the ripe age of six, I was placed in one of the hardest matches I had ever had to play. I played against a pusher, a type of player that any tennis player will agree is the most aggravating variety. As every ball I hit came back at an excruciatingly slow yet steady pace, my patience was at best fleeting. I began to throw away points out of sheer frustration. I did, eventually, come to realize that I too could play the same game, and I tried to wear my opponent to the ground as he had done to me. I carefully returned every shot and awaited the moment when I could successfully place the ball ensuring that it would never return. This match not only yielded a trophy, but also a lesson which I benefit from to this day.

My drug has taught the lessons of pride and humility showing me that the state of arrogance blinds us, abruptly halting our advancement, and the state of complacency leaves us stranded in perpetual hesitation. On the court of life it has taught me that mutual respect is vital, always necessary for a healthy relationship and for the preservation of equality. In the CIF finals, my tennis team and I were absolutely positive that we were going to be victors in our match against Poly Pasadena. We beat them before and could do so again. When we saw our imminent loss, we were dumbfounded and caught off-guard. Only after this event did I realize that it was our overconfidence and pride that enabled our opponents to win. I realized that I had to respect each player as a worthy opponent, and only in this manner could I correct the errors of my previous ways.

My drug has shown me success, elevating me to the zenith of victory, and shown me failure, scuttling me to the nadir of defeat. On the court of life it has taught me how to deal with my shortcomings, enhancing my ability to learn from even the most negative experience, and has helped to facilitate my growth and development as an individual. The last tournament that I participated in was one of the greatest achievements and disappointments I had ever had. I played some of my finest tennis and saw nothing but success in the upcoming finals. However, when that day came, I met an old rival. I took the lead early on, but when match stretched into three grueling sets and the last point came to a close, he was the victor. I was clearly devastated; I had expected to win this tournament without losing a set. It was after this painful loss that I learned its value; that there were many mistakes that I had made, but that these mistakes guided me on the path to becoming a better player.

Tennis has challenged my will, expanding my horizons by placing me at a different spot on the court every time I resume my never-ending battle. It has taught me that obstacles are a fact of life. Running them down with relentless perseverance is the key to their annihilation. Most importantly, it has taught me that my true opponent does not lie on the other side of the net; it lies within. It has taught me that only I restrict myself; only I can break the confines of this blinding reality. Knowing this, my opportunities are boundless; my potential for prosperity, limitless.

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