Research Paper on Italian Unification

In 1815 hopes of Italian Unification were dented by the Vienna congress. Austrian control was restored directly in Lombardy and Venetia, indirectly in the Papal states. Mazzini remarked in 1815 "through out Europe one stroke of pen erased all our hopes, all our liberties'. The settlement resulted in numerous groups like the Cabonari, Young Italy being formed, spear heading for the unification. By 1848-49 the forces working for unification had completely failed.

From 1850 onward events rapidly took place that are still being debated, were the events planeed or not? The traditional view say that Cavour planned the unification, they assert that he carried the Piedmont industrialiasation to equip it economically and militarirly for the challenge of unification. This notion must be dismissed with the greatest cotempt it deserves because Cavour was not a an Italian patriot at all, but a piedmonteese expansionist at heart. He carried those reforms to equip piedmont militarily and economically in preparation for expansion in Northern Italy. Cavour wanted to expel Austria from Lombard and venetia because they were rich proviences.

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Then came the cremean war, it is a distortion of histry to claim that Cavour engineered entry into cremean war in order to gain foreign assistance for unification.It must be noted that it was not Cavour but Britain and France who invited Italy into war, also it was King Victor Emmanuel who accepted not Cavour.

Entry into war had nothing to do with unification, it was a way of diverting public attention from domestic problems. After all the participation in this war wasted resources like finance and army equipment that was desparately needed for unification. Then came the Paris conferance, Italy was not even on agenda. By 1856 there was nothing that was in shape italy was still a geographical entity than a political entity. After that came the Plombiries meeting with Napoleon, it was not Covour but Napoleon who called for the meeting after the failed assination attempt on his life. Admittedly planning was done here. France was to help Piedmonte in a war against Austria with 20 000 troops, this as liberate Lombard and venetia for piedmonte. Austria was to provoked in a way that will make her appear as an agressor, France was to be rewarded with Nice and Savoy. This planning shows that Cavour was a not an apostle of unification but a piedmonteese expansionist. This is showed by being prepaped to cede Nice and Savoy to France. As per plan war broke out and France and Piedmonte won two quick battles at Magenta and Salferino, however Napoleon wavered and signed the Villa Franca treaty with Astria behind Cavours back, the result was Cavour resigned because France got Nice and Savoy whilst Piedmonte got only Lombardy. Events in the cental duvhies were the crux of the unification.

During the war with Austri the rulers of Parma, moderna and tuscany were deposed and after war they voted for union with Piedmonte rather than allowing back the despotic rulers. This was purely an accident not a planned process. Cavour quickly came back to Piedmontise the process.

In southern Italy Garibaldi took advantage of the revolutionary situation that was in Naples and sicily, with 1000 men he took over both, it must be noted that for garibaldi it was adventerism than nationalism that drove him into Naples and Sicily. Surely one who is seriouse can gather 1000 men and dream of unifying Italy with such an army. When he wanted to march to Rome Cavour sent an army that stopped Garibaldi. This because Cavour did not want Austro- franco alliance since Rome was under France. Garibaldi handed over sicily and Naples to Piedmonte.

This was more of anexion than unification. By now only Rome and Venetia were still in foreign hands. In 1866 there was Austro-Prussian war, Piedmonte took advantage of Austrian commitment to figthing and seized Venetia, then in 1870 duringthe Franco-Prussian war Piedmonte took advantage of that war and anexed Rome.

All these events were not calculations but oppotunities that Piedmonte took, in fact this uinfication can be safely said to be Piedmonteese expansion rather than Italian inification.

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Essay on Hollywood

The advent of sound into motion pictures during the late 1920s consolidated the workings of the American film industry into what has been labeled the studio system. Through the 1930s and 1940s, under an arrangement known as "vertical integration," eight companies dominated not only the making of narrative feature films, but also their international distribution and in many cases their national and even international exhibition in theaters.

Five corporations-Paramount, Loew's (parent company of the more famous MGM), Fox Film (later 20th Century-Fox), Warner Bros., and Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO)-each owned a studio, a worldwide network of offices, and a chain of theaters. Three minor companies-Universal, Columbia, and United Artists-owned no theaters but cooperated with the oligopolistic aspirations of the "Big Five" in excluding all other interests from the Hollywood studio system.

The Big Five, by controlling picture palaces in all of America's downtown districts, took in the bulk of box-office dollars. Only after they had granted their own theaters "first run" of their product did they permit smaller, independently owned theaters to scramble for bookings.

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International distribution guaranteed the companies maximum return on their films. They alone could guarantee a supply of top features, shorts, and newsreels to theaters around the world. For a newcomer to set up a rival network would have been cost-prohibitive, and even film companies in other nations lacked the resources to compete with Hollywood in the international marketplace. Indeed, so powerful was the American film industry's advantage in distribution, that most companies outside the US conceded part of their own domestic market to Hollywood.

The other defining component of the studio system was its factory-like system of production. The classic Hollywood narrative film became the standard for movies the world over, and Hollywood studios were organized so that every element of film production, including screenwriting, shooting, and editing, was carried out on a regular, cost-effective basis. Ensuring a smooth flow of product meant continually developing stars, training technical and creative personnel, and building and maintaining sets, all of which was supervised by the head of studio production.

The Big Five
Each studio had a slightly different approach toward making movies and handling its theaters. Paramount did best during the 1940s with predictable fare from such stars as Bob Hope and Bing Crosby. But equally as important was its massive theater chain, the nation's largest. More than any other member of the Big Five, Paramount relied on its more than 1,000 theaters to maintain its corporate might.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the most famous of the Hollywood studios, although it functioned, from a purely business perspective, simply as a unit within the larger enterprise of Loew's, Inc. A fully integrated movie company, Loew's began as a theater chain, with its greatest area of domination in New York City.

Fox merged into 20th Century-Fox in 1935 and found financial success soon afterward. Studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck developed a number of stars, none more important than Betty Grable, the most popular female screen attraction of the 1940s.

Warner Bros. was the lone family-run operation, with eldest brother Harry in charge in New York while Jack ran the studio in California. Its theater chain was not as large as Paramount's, but the company did well by players such as Bette Davis and James Cagney.

RKO enjoyed the shortest, least profitable life of any major studio. The company was formed so that RCA could market its sound equipment and the Keith-Albee-Orpheum vaudeville theaters could be converted into movie houses. RKO struggled along through most of the studio era, despite stars such as Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers and occasional superlative efforts like CITIZEN KANE (1941).

Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and United Artists never could match the economic muscle of the Big Five. Nevertheless, Universal had its horror films and the comedies of Abbott and Costello; Columbia had Frank Capra and the skills of studio boss Harry Cohn; and United Artists had Sam Goldwyn and David O. Selznick during the best years of the studio era.

The Unions
Through the 1930s and 1940s only outside events disturbed the monopoly held by Hollywood's eight major companies. Although the Great Depression caused widespread social and cultural transformations, the Hollywood studios endured. From 1930 to 1934, box-office income fell by approximately 25 percent. In an effort to counter this decline, exhibitors offered more double feature shows, opened concession stands, and gave away free gifts. The studios in turn laid off workers and pushed those still employed to work longer hours for less pay. Memoirs of stars and directors recall dawn-to-dusk working days, with few breaks for creative reflection. In response, workers began to organize, and the unions and guilds so famous today, such as the Screen Actors Guild and the Writers Guild, originated and expanded.

World War II compelled many nations to devote most of their resources to survival-a situation that allowed the movies in America to prosper as never before, and corporate Hollywood to make up for all the losses it had accumulated during the Great Depression. Theatrical attendance in 1945 and 1946 set records on a per capita basis that may never be broken.

The Demise of the Studio System
After the end of the war, a combination of social, economic, and political forces brought the studio system to an end. The suburbanization of the nation led to diminished theatrical attendance and the eventual closing of the big movie palaces. And the end of the studios' dominance of exhibition finally came as a result of the United States Supreme Court ruling of 1948, which forced the Big Five to sell their theaters. During the 1950s the coming of television provided a new market for all eight companies, and the minor studios began to prosper by releasing the films of independent producers. Even the Big Five soon became simply film distributors and not manufacturers as they had been since the 1910s.

The studio system may have ended in the early 1950s, but the major Hollywood companies did not go out of business. Instead, they restructured their release schedules to accommodate the new theaters in shopping centers and malls. They produced dazzling color films in wide-screen splendor. They began to sell their films to television. And they began working with stars, directors, and producers on an independent basis. Only RKO actually went out of business. The studio system of the 1930s and 1940s was gone, but the corporations of the studio era adapted and remain with us today.

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Research Paper on Coca Cola

Research Paper on Coca Cola Company

Introduction
The Coca-Cola Company Limited is the world's largest beverage company and is the leading producer and marketer of soft drinks. Due to the facing of highly competition in the market, the Company used more than million dollars in the R& D, marketing and production, in order to design a new product to gain a higher margin. This report is mainly focusing on how Coca-Cola Company Limited uses strategies in order to competitive in the mature market. Firstly, the issues of the Company will be identified, and then SWOT analysis of the company will be conducted. After that, evaluation of alternative strategies will be stated and finally recommendations and implementation will be given.

Background
Coca-Cola Company Limited is the world largest offerer of non-alcoholic beverages and the most valuable firm in the world. They owned over 300 brands in over 200 countries and serving carbonated soft drink and non-carbonated beverages such as fruit juice, fruit drink, sports drinks, coffees and bottled water. Coca-Cola Co. is operating in their existing brands, and also develops new global and local brands and acquisition of the global or local brands.

In 2002, the company has launched new brand product including Diet Lemon Coke, Vanilla Coke and large varieties of fruit taste Fanta including lime, grape, strawberry and passion fruit in Australia. The company has also acquired many new international water brands such as Danone Waters, Sparklettes, Alhambra and Evian brands in US. They also continued collaboration with the Walt Disney Company to market children's soft drinks.

Coca-Cola Company Limited has invested a huge amount in marketing campaign to support their brands. The aims for these campaigns are to enhance the consumer awareness and consumer preference for a certain brand. As a result, Coca-Cola Co. has maintained a long-term growth in profitable volume and large market share in the worldwide non-alcoholic beverage market.

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Problem or Issue Identification
The non-alcoholic carbonated or non-carbonated drinks have reached the mature market; Coca-Cola Co. has to develop strategies in order to remain in the strong competitive market.

Situation Analysis
Strength
- Global Soft drink industry leader: Coca-Cola Co. is the world largest bottler. Products sell throughout the world. It generates $870 million sales in Australia last year. According to the Business Week Magazine, Coca Cola was listed at NO.1 in the world's 100 most valuable brand in terms of their intangible assets (Business Week Magazine, 2003).

- Brand recognition - Strong brand name over worldwide and leader in the soft drink industry. Its brand new is well known in 90% of the world (Allen, 1995).

- Large varieties of product: Besides the carbonated soft drink, Coca Cola Co. has provided other range of beverages such as water, fruit juices and sport drinks to satisfy different customer's needs. However, different countries customer may have different preferences, Coca Cola has positioned as a worldwide brand but it has different strategies for each market.

- Highly distribution: their products are largely distribute in everywhere, customers in over 200 countries can enjoy the Coca Cola product and consumer 1 billion sales unit globally (PR Newswire, 2003). People could buy the product in supermarket, convenience store, vending machines, food court, fast food shop, etc.

- Different age group: Coca-Cola has provided a wide range of products, which can target different group. For example, Classic Coke target a wide range of customers, Vanilla Coke is heavily target 16-29 years old and Diet Lemon Coke is slanted 12-20 years old female (http://au.news.yahoo.com/030817/2/lace.html).

- Product Innovation: Successful innovation help the achieve of the pricing power. They have set the right mix between pricing and volume and thus generate profit. An example of successful innovation is the introduction of Vanilla Coke which was first launched in US on May 2002 and continued to launch in Canada, Australia and Hong Kong and New Zealand (Datamonitor plc, 2003).

- Growth of market share: Increase market share by the acquisitions of the other bottling companies - Herb Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper and Tarpon Springs (Datamonitor company profile, 2003).

Weaknesses
- Competition within the company, as Coca Cola Co. has a wide range of product line such as Coca Cola Classic, Diet-Coke, Sprite, POWERade, Dr Pepper, Fanta and Aquarius. This will increase the competition between each other.

- Highly rely on the carbonated beverage: 92% sales of the Coca-Cola Enterprises are come from the Coke product. Carbonated soft drinks are its core category, however this category has reached mature and growth slowly in the market. The expected growth of annual sales in the carbonated soft drink category is 3.8%, while the total soft drinks category expected to growth in 4.2% (Datamonitor plc, 2003).

- Limited product range: Comparing with the major competitors PepsiCo and Cadbury Schweppes, Coca-Cola has less product range such as snacks division. Therefore, they are relatively weak in competitive in the food and drinks market (Datamonito plc.2003).

- Vest amount of investment in the marketing campaigns: Coca-Cola has put a huge amount of money in investing the marketing campaigns. However, it rivals are also invested large amount in marketing, thus the result of the campaigns are less effective (Datamonito plc, 2003).

Opportunities
- World wide economic and population growth: this will sustain the growth of the beverage market as the demand of product increase.

- Soft drinks dominate the Australian beverage market: 2/3 of the beverage market is dominated by the soft drinks and fruit juices comprise 13.1%. More of the sales are depending on the carbonate soft drinks.

Threats
- Political and economic instability in many developing countries - Coca Cola has recently report sales decline in the region of Indonesia and Thailand because of the economic weaken and lower the consumer purchasing power (Mclean, 1998).

- Competition in national, regional and global soft drink companies - they have a threat on substitutes. As there is only a weak commitment between Cola and consumer, their switching cost is low. It is possibly substitute by others beverage such as coffee, juice, tea, milk and hot chocolate ("Cola Wars", 1991).

- Consumer attitudes changes - Although soft drinks are dominated the Australian beverage market, there is a significant growth in the fruit juices and bottled water market due to the increase awareness of the health concern (Food Australia, 2003). Scientists The Lancet mentioned in the British medical journal that consumption of soft drinks would have a high risk of getting obesity in the 11-12 years old child. This significantly loss the contract with the school (Eckelbecker, 2003).

Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Strategies
Characterises of Mature Market
In the mature market, competitions are intensive. There are several or many competitors compete for the position. Company have to spend lots of expense in maintain or optimise their position. As a result, there are product proliferation, price competition, intensive competitive promotional activity, the erosion of margins, and slackening sales growth potential (Cravens et al, 2000). Therefore strategies in product management, distribution, pricing and promotional activity are developed.

In this case, Strategic Market Planning Process (appendix A) act as the model to identify Coca-Cola Company strategies was used in the competition of mature market. The first step has to be done is the SWOT analysis. This identifies the Coca-Cola Business Performance, Market Attractiveness and Competitive Advantage.

Then a portfolio analysis was done (appendix C). Coca-cola has a strong competitive advantage as it is a global soft drink leader which is very successful in the existing beverage market. Almost 90% of the world has recognised the brand with good reputation. Company also have huge resources in doing R&D and Marketing. On the other hand, the competition in the beverage market is intensive, the major competitor is the Pepsi Co and they have strong resources in for the marketing, thus the effectiveness of Coca-Cola's marketing effectiveness is decreased. Company should actively attract the customer to prevent of switching brand. Therefore, Coca-Cola has adopted both defensive and offensive strategies to competitive in this mature beverage market (appendix B).

Offensive Strategic Market
Offensive strategies are used to produce sales growth and improve share position and future profit performance.

Product Development
Product development strategy aims new or improved products at the existing markets. An awareness of the present market's are required for the company to recognise new ways to satisfy the customers.

In 2002, Australia's Coca Cola has launched 18 new beverages such as Vanilla Coke, Diet Lemon Coke, New flavour POWERade and Cherry Coke in 2003. Targe market of the Vanilla Coke and Diet Lemon Coke is heavily target 16-29 and 12-20 years old female (http://au.news.yahoo.com/030817/2/lace.html) respectively. The consumption of the Vanilla Coke is approximately 6 million unit case in the first 3 months launched. In 2003 early April, Fanta expand its product line in producing some new flavour carbonated soft drinks which including the original orange flavour and also grape, lime, strawberry and passionfruit with new packaging splash bottle. The product target market is the 13 to 17 teens. This product development has generated positive volume and pricing growth in many countries such as Europe and Thailand (www.coca-cola.com). They are helpful in generating profit and capture the market share.

New flavour Fanta launch by Coca-Cola Company
In 2001, Japan's Coca-Coke Company Limited first launched a new product line called "Qoo" which is a non-carbonated fruit drink product line. It is an innovation and totally distinct from the classic product image. The drink has an animation character called Qoo and showed in every bottle. The character of Qoo is cute and happy, aims to target the child and young people. Initially, there are only two flavours launched which is orange and grape. Due to the popular demand, they have expanded their product line and produce other flavours: apple, passion fruit, lemon and peach. Afterward they have introduced these products line into other Asian countries such as Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, etc. The result is very positive and getting popular throughout the country. Now, Qoo is not only a character of the drink but also has its side products, such as glasses, dolls, alarm, key ring, etc. People could get these products by buying the Qoo drink. The advocate of Qoo is not limited to the child but also many teenagers and office ladies. In 2003, Qoo has entered Hong Kong's McDonald and act as another choices of drinks besides the carbonated drinks under the brand of Coca-Cola Company. This significantly increases Coca-Cola Company sales and market share (www.cocacola.com.jp).

Qoo Apple Juice Qoo Grape Juice Qoo Side Product - doll Qoo Side Product - Bag
At the mature stage, consumers decision-making are increasing in price sensitive, pricing pressure may lead to reduced company's profit margins and profitability. This pressure could be reduced by product differentiation. New product development is likely to increased competition of limited shelf space and prominence. The most space allocated will generate to the highest turnover, highest profit margins, highest incentives, and strong promotional support. In 2002, 52% of the revenue is come from the new products. Coca-Cola has maximized the benefits to strengthen the brand portfolio. This could help the gain of market share position and avoid the left behind with the competitors. However, as Coca-Cola is an innovator and market leader of the beverage market, "Copy Cat" may follow Coca-Cola to product the new innovation product and spread the profit generate.

Defensive Strategic Market
Defensive strategic marketing plan was used to protect high market share position and it is useful to help the short-run profit performance and shareholder value by generating cash flow in the mature market for offensive marketing.

Diversification
Diversification strategy involves the company moving into totally different lines of business. Company produce entirely unfamiliar products and market. Coca-Cola undergoes diversification by acquisition of other companies. Coca-Cola has keeping an eye on the Fruit Juice Maker Berri and decided to use AUS$400 million to acquire Berri. They plan to invest plant and equipment to the company and make more innovation packaging and product. As the growth rate of the juice market was 4% compare with the 3% growth of Coca-Cola original main market, the juice market was very attractive to the Coca-Cola Co. The total market share of the carbonated soft drinks and juice comprise 11% of the non-alcoholic ready-to-drink market in Australia (Mitchell, 2003). Therefore if Coca-Cola Co is decided to enter the juice market, the rival are intensive and unfamiliar, enter in that market is not easy. If the acquisition success, Coca-Cola Co. would benefit from Berri juice market knowledge and also gain the existing market share of Berri in the juice market in order to increase the overall size of the market. If the acquisition is unsuccessful, Coca-Cola Co. would expand into the flavour milk segment which is another favourable and high potential market (Johnston, 2003).

This strategy could help to maintain and protect the business market share by generating cash flow, short term profit for investment and prevent the market share erosion. This a great opportunity for Coca-Cola Co. to enter another market segments in the beverage market. As Coca-Cola can use the resources including the skilled labour, equipment, business knowledge and existing market share. It is more secured to enter the market with familiar knowledge and save analysis cost. After Acquisition, this could also lower the competition with others companies product and improve the competitive advantages in the beverage market. On the other hand, it will increase the competition between Coca-Cola's products.

Pull and Push Communication Strategies
Coca-Cola Co used two types of marketing communication strategies - pull and push in targeting the customer and intermediary.

Pull Strategies
Customer Preference and Customer loyalty
It is a customer-targeted marketing communication strategy in order to build up awareness, attraction, loyalty and building effectiveness. As Coca-Cola brand is strongly recognised, it does not usually has advertising campaign unless it has new product launch such as Diet Lemon Coke, Vanilla Coke and new taste Fanta. However, it has some encouragement program for the loyalty customer or brand lovers such as the product exchange program (while buying two coke by adding additional dollar, you would get a memorable side product of the company), thus to enhance the commitment with the customer.

Also there is a phenomenon on the Coca-Cola Company's product advertising, the product it advertised do not emphasis on Coca-Cola Company brand name and its brand name is only display in a small size or unaware place. This strategy was developed because people have perception that Coca-Cola sell unhealthy product which are high calories (Steinberg, 2003), therefore they seldom show their entire line of beverages.

Public Relationship and Sponsorship
As mentioned above, Coca-Cola Company is not frequently advertising it brand name. They used sponsorship instead to build up brand reputation and goodwill. Coca-cola has successive 2 years sponsor the Olympic game in Atlanta and Sydney which would help to build up a healthy and positive image for the brand (Belch and Belch, 2002). These events would overwhelm unhealthy facts by the sporty and energetic image.

Push strategies
Market Coverage
Coca-Cola is the exclusive beverage supplier for many fast food shops, cinemas, hospitals, schools and universities. And recently Coca-Cola has form a Global Marketing Alliance with Westfield Corporation Inc. They have signed a 10 years beverage contract that Coca-Cola continue to serve as the exclusive beverage provider in the mall-based vending operations world wide and become part of Westfield's Alliance Partner Program. There are nearly 1 billion customers yearly in Westfield, this would give a greater chance for Coca-cola highly penetrate in the market in order to maintain its market (PR Newswire, 2003). This increases the availability and coverage in carry Coca-Cola brand product.

Distributor Push
Coca-Cola has strengthened the Customer Relationship by the joint business planning. In 2002, Coca-Cola has co-managed with Woolworths' and Coles' inventories by doing their ordering of Coca-Cola Brand product. Indeed, this could create a long lasting and strong relationship, it helps to minimise the stock out problem in the supermarket shelves and greater marketing effort than without push communications (www.coca-cola.com.au).

Promotional supports in order to maintain the product positioning and brand identity retain and enhance retail presence and support. This can be an investment for keeping a product in the minds of the target market purchaser and for ensuring continuing trade support. Large amount of money are required to invest in the market campaign to get an effective response. It is because due to the intensive competition in the beverage market, competitors such as Pepsi Co and Cadbury Schweppes have also put so much effort on marketing. Thus this could minimize our effectiveness of the advertising and promotional campaign. Luckily, Coca-Cola has also announced that, therefore in last year, they have consume US$402.7 million on the media (Steinberg, 2003).

Recommendations and Implementation
From the above evaluation of strategies, a defensive strategy is the most attractive and feasible to undertake in order to maintain the market share in the mature market. Diversification by using acquisition is the best way to go, it is because through acquisition it requires the least resources including the skilled labour, market knowledge of other segment and Research and Development cost. This would reduced the company compete with others beverage brand. Also Diversification would help the company decentralised it core business from the carbonated soft drinks to non-carbonate drinks. Due to the increases of health concern issue, carbonated soft drinks are indicated as unhealthy beverages. The sales growth of the carbonated soft drinks is declining, on the other hand, the demand of fruit juices and bottled water are accelerating. Thus through the diversification, Coca-Cola Company can maintain its market share and remain rival in the competitive beverage market.

As there are only little differences in customer needs and demographics for the Coca Cola, a mass market strategy will be appropriate for all. They will modify their products and marketing communications to meet the specific customer in the global market (Best, 2004).

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Essay on Kristallnacht

In the 1930s, after Adolf Hitler had come to power, the Nazis encouraged anti-Semitism in Germany through propaganda. Source 1 is an example of anti-Semitic propaganda used to promote the boycott of all Jewish department stores throughout Germany. The cartoon was published in the Nazi party magazine in the 1930s.

Therefore it is likely to be biased towards the ideology of the Nazi party and as the magazine was mainly distributed to Nazi party members, it was already "preaching to the converted". The cartoon portrays the big Jewish businessman as a greedy octopus, with a stereotypical Jewish face, who "eats up" small German traders. Its purpose was to demonstrate the central role of the party, which was anti-semitism, and also to encourage the German population to boycott all Jewish owned department stores. However, we cannot be entirely sure whether this piece of propaganda was effective in influencing the German population or whether it had no effect at all.

Although we do have evidence that suggest that the propaganda used to promote the boycott was unsuccessful as many Germans ignored it. Source 2 agrees with this and even goes on to say that the German public "demonstratively" preferred to shop in the Jewish department stores and were "unfriendly" to the SA men on duty outside. As well as this, source 2 also agrees that the anti-Semitic propaganda was moderately ineffective saying that the "vast majority of the population ignore this defamation of the Jews". However, this information could be unreliable as a Nazi opposition party, the Social Democratic Party, wrote it in 1933. Therefore it would be biased against the Nazis. Especially as in 1935 the SDP were feeling vulnerable and also thoroughly believed that the Nazi government would collapse, allowing them to take power. Nevertheless it was a secret report and would have never been published publicly. It is doubtful that the SDP would have reported something that was false if it was to never be shown to the public. In that respect, this source may be reliable. However, source 2 also suggests that anti-Semitic propaganda or at least the growing anti-Semitism in Germany did influence the German public. It says that there were "enough people" who were influenced by the defamation by the Jews, even becoming "fanatical opponents" of the Jews.

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Both source 4 and 5 do agree that though action was taken against, a great deal of the German public were not influenced by the anti-Semitic propaganda. Source 4 is a report also written by the Social Democratic Party who were in exile at the time. Consequently the reliability of this source is questionable. How did the SDP know what was happening in Germany when they were in a different country? Other factors about the reliability of the SDP, mentioned above, also have to be taken into account. Source 4 agrees that anti-Semitic propaganda was ineffective as "the broad mass of the people [have] not condoned the destruction". However, it does appear to largely agree that there were people who were anti-Semitic, "nevertheless do not overlook the fact that there are people among the working class who do not defend the Jews". In source 5, an American consul describes the events of Kristallnacht, a night where a series of attacks against the Jews took place. The acts of violence and theft were hailed by the Nazi party as a "spontaneous wave of righteous indignation" against the Jews. However, the American consul refutes this. He says that the local crowds who observed the destruction were "benumbed" and "aghast" over the events of the night. Thus proving that the Nazi's anti-Semitic propaganda was not having a massive effect on the German public. However, do not know whether anti-Semitic propaganda influenced the German public from this source or even whether the events of Kristallnacht were undertaken by the German population The source describes the events of Kristallnacht as "Nazi acts" suggesting that it was mainly the Nazis who instigated and carried out the violence and destruction of that night, and not the German public. The fact that this report was written by an American diplomat means that the information that he will report back to his country with has to accurate. Therefore making this source very reliable. Source 6 is a secret report prepared by the Nazi party Supreme Court after the events of Kristallnacht. The source suggests that anti-Jewish demonstrations were "not to be prepared or organised" by the Nazi party. Nevertheless the Nazis didn't discourage the demonstrations if they "originated spontaneously". Simply put the Nazis should not appear to originate demonstrations, but in reality they should organise and carry them out. This agrees with source 5 in that it is evidence that the Nazis were the main perpetrators of the events of Kristallnacht. The Nazi party members were encouraged to carry out anti-Semitic demonstrations. Thus suggesting that the events of that night did not involve the mass majority of the German population, who therefore to a certain extent had not been influenced by Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda.

Source 6 suggests that anti-Semitic propaganda was effective. It was written by a German woman who was describing her first hand experiences in Nazi Germany, therefore making it a primary source and a highly valuable piece of evidence. She describes how it was "preached" to the German public that the Jewish spirit was "seditious" and that Jewish blood was "corrupting". This was most likely done by the anti-Semitic propaganda the Nazi produced. She tells of how she did not think of her Jewish friends in such a way, "I thought of only the bogey-man, "The Jew". This was how Jewish people were portrayed in anti-Semitic propaganda. For example the Jewish businessman portrayed in source 1 has a stereotypical Jewish face, with a grotesque face and large nose. Therefore this woman's beliefs at that time do suggest that the propaganda did influence some Germans. This woman's views cannot be completely generalised, as it's only one person's perception. However, in another respect it can be generalised, as it is consistent of what we know of German life. Nevertheless the reliability of the source has again got to be called into question. The source was written in 1964, not when Hitler was in power. Some details of her account may have changed over time. She may also be re-thinking the beliefs she held at that time and feel guilty. Thus trying to put her and the German public in a better light. However, this source does agree that anti-Semitic propaganda was effective in influencing the German population.

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Research Paper on H.G. Wells

The novel “The time machine” was written by H.G. Wells to give the reader a vision into the author’s view of the future; although bleak, this vision is presented realistically, whilst being profoundly farfetched. The use of this presentation leaves the reader wondering if all this could actually happen.

It is clear from reading the novel that H.G. Wells message or vision for mankind, is entirely bleak. This is simply because there is nothing positive in the book. Whilst there are individual events that provoke an optimistic feeling in the reader, these are always challenged by a more prominent pessimistic occurrence on the same subject. When the time traveller rescued “weakly-crying” Weena from the shallow, and she presented him with a “big garland of flowers,” anyone reading would think the novel has taken a positive turn. However, when the time traveller committed the “atrocious folly” of lighting a fire in the woods, then leaving Weena unguarded while she lay unconscious, leading to her presumed death; the novel is once again on its bleak and pessimistic trail.

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The story starts with the Time Traveller entertaining a group of associates. They are all middle class people being entertained in a realistic settings; “the fire burnt brightly,” “and there was that luxurious after dinner atmosphere.” This “introduction” is crucial, for the whole basis of the novel is around the idea that time travel is possible, this shows it is a science fiction novel, as opposed to a fantasy. The idea of science fiction books was being developed just as H.G. Wells was writing “The time machine,” so he was very much I pioneer of the genre. Brian Aldiiss has since defined science fiction as “hubris clobbered by nemesis,” and I believe this is just the idea that Wells is following; the pride and arrogance of the human race being clobbered by its own apparent suicide. In my opinion this is what the author’s message or warning is based upon.

When the time traveller takes his leap into the future, he arrives in a totally alien environment, “my sensations would be hard to describe.” He doesn’t know what to think at first, then “as the columns of hail grew thinner,” he sees the sphinx. The time traveller’s first view of this world is “an unpleasant suggestion of disease.” His thoughts are to question; had “cruelty grown into a common passion? What if in this interval the race had lost its manliness?” Before he actually saw the Eloi, or Morlocks, and had time to think about what they might be he was “seized with a panic of fear.” This tells us that the Time Traveller, like Wells has a pessimistic view of mans future; this suggesting that Wells uses the Time Traveller significantly as a tool for himself in the novel. His first impressions of the Eloi are that they are “very beautiful and graceful creatures, but indescribably frail – that hetic beauty we used to hear so much.” Already he links back to his own time, perceiving the Eloi as the beautiful upper class.

H.G. Wells had his own strong personal beliefs, these included Marxism and Darwinism. These two themes can be traced throughout the entire novel, set behind the clear-cut science fiction theme. Darwinism is the theory of evolution, the survival of the fittest. This is an idea that was just getting to its peak in Well’s time, being a scientific man himself, he couldn’t help but use this in portraying his bleak message to the audience. Marxism is a political idea, derived by Carl Marx. Well’s was a Marxist, which also meant he was a communist. The concept behind Marxism is that there is a social divide in society. There are the upper and middle classes, and the lower class. The lower class is treated infinitely worse that the others, given the worst jobs, they are beaten in the work place, most lower class children would have been working from a very young age to try and support the struggling family. What Well’s seems to point to in his writing is the miners of his time.

His theory of Darwinism; when the novel gets underway the time traveller is transported to an almost alien environment, there is little to nothing of what he remembers about his own time. There are “Exquisite creatures,” beautiful creatures, who are inhabiting the surface of this world; these seem to be the direct descendants of man, living within themselves in a utopia. They seem to have no purpose, and lead a pointless, yet happy life. Following the theory of Darwinism, these creatures have almost de-evolved after not having to defend themselves, or fend for themselves; they have everything they need, and so any sign of high intelligence has totally vanished; the “intellectual level of 5-year-old-children”. Also there are no signs of death among these people “there were no crematorium” or any other signs of graveyards or the sort. However this feeling of Utopia is short lived.

The time traveller stumbles upon the Morlocks. This is when the theory’s of Marxism and Darwinism combine, along with the realistic rather than fantastical presentation of the novel. The time traveller discovers the Morlocks; they are shown to us as weird mechanical sorts of beasts; the first inkling of their world is “the throb and hum of machinery”. The Morlocks themselves are “Stooping white creatures,” as they live in this subterranean world we naturally presume them to be the more primitive and at the same time more evil of the two species.

The Eloi are the upper/middle classes. The Morlocks are the lower. This is Wells’s belief in the Marxist theory taken to the limit. “Then I remembered that strange fear of the dark.” The lower class people of Wells’s time lived in the most awful and barbaric conditions. In particular people were sent down mines, they left early in the morning in the darkness, spent their entire day in the dark, and returned home late, after the sun had set. Now there was a totally new species to represent the lower class, the Morlocks who spend all their time in the dark, in fact they can’t be in the light. This is because after spending so much time in the darkness the evolved to become accustomed to it. “Upon the hillside were some thirty or forty Morlocks, dazzled by the light and heat, blundering hither and thither against each other in their bewilderment. These lower class Morlocks as true to Marxist theory seem to have overthrown the Upper class Eloi, who “like the Carlovignan kings, had decayed to a mere beautiful futility. They are show to be futile especially when they don’t help Weena “It will give you an idea of the strange deficiency of these creatures when I tell you that none made the slightest attempt to rescue” her. Also the fact that they all huddle away from the Morlocks “these people gather into great houses after dark, and slept in droves.” The “lesson of that fear” was obviously that the Morlocks prayed on the weak, defenceless, and in some ways pathetic Eloi, showing the reversal of the class system, and more of Wells’s Marxism.

With this pessimistic view of mankind looming in the storyline, Wells still wasn’t convinced his warning was powerful enough. When the time traveller rediscovers the machine, he stumbles into an ambush of Morlocks, and instead of travelling back into his own time, he goes forward. He reaches the last “twilight” left of the world. The only life survivng on this world appears to be water based. “A really monstrous crab-like creature” and a black thing with the apparent shape of a jellyfish “tentacles trailed down from it, it was black against the blood-red water.” This is very ironic and brings back his Darwinist theory but a distorted parody of it. According to Darwin all life came out the sea, and now in the dying days of the Earth, the descendants of man were crawling back into the sea to accept their fate. To finally add to the warning the time traveller is nearly left to die in this cold lonely place. “Then I felt I was fainting, but a terrible dread of lying helpless in that remote and awful twilight sustained me, I clambered upon the saddle.

This is where the presentation is of great import. It is clear now from the statements above that H.G Wells wrote “The time machine” as a warning to mankind. I believe this warning is for the aristocracy of his time to step back and look at how they are treating the lower class. For them to take any such warning seriously, they had to surely believe that somehow it could be possible. Wells uses a number of tools in his writing to make this possible. For one the book is not written from the time traveller’s point of view. It is written from the point of view of the reader, the audience, who are listening to this unbelievable story. The first statement in the “Introduction” is the time traveller “was expounding a recondite matter to us.” So Wells makes it clear from early on that this is not a sure thing, he is asking the reader to make a decision, to believe the time traveller or not. He doesn’t throw the story at them; he adds a twist of uncertainty even within the novel, this is whether any of it actually happens. In my opinion this has a great effect that makes the reader feel part of the novel, and therefore makes them more likely to accept the warning. He develops this by adding yet more uncertainty about the truth behind the journey of the time traveller. “There I object” “It’s against reason.” Wells addresses the men of reason of his time, which by my reckoning was a very large number of people. The industrial revolution was in its midst and everything revolved around mechanical reason. Now Wells had to turn away from reason to make his warning, without creating a fantastical novel. This is why Wells has characters in his own book questioning its very basis.

On the other hand someone reading the book may well question this. Subduing to the easier concept of the book not containing any great message or warning, and that it was more of a fantasy that even a science fiction novel. It is my belief though that there is far too much evidence within the novel to oppose this as I have stated throughout the research paper. In my eyes the only answer to what H.G Wells’s message is, is that it was a warning to the world. For them to acknowledge their fellow humans that they ran into the ground, and also to regard themselves as lucky, to remind them that the world they live on is a beautiful place, they should enjoy it while they can.

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Research Paper on Hippies

This social/ cultural movement occurred during the late 60s and the early 70s. People that participated where mostly white middle-class students which were referred to as Hippies. Many of them believed in the New Left Movement whose concern was that the American society with its materialism, technology and war had grown hollow and that something ought to be down against that. Hippies fought for the abolishment of every hierarchy, so that people wouldn’t be judged according to their race, gender, religion or social class. Counter-culture movement participants protested against the society by simply leaving it and creating their own, perfect in their eyes, little world. People left worlds of school, work or home to live together in streets, parks or group homes with the goal to create an idyllic setting of peace love and harmony.

Hippies lived in rural communes or in more crowded areas known as “crash pads”. Major centers of gathering established in Chicago’s Old Town, in Atlanta’s 14th Street, In New York Cities Greenwich Village and, what was the informal capital and cradle of that movement, San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury. Hippies wanted a society that was based on love, trust and tolerance. Therefore, they couldn’t accept the war in Vietnam during that time period and a lot of them took part in several peace demonstrations. The Hippie era was accompanied by many mottos like “ Killing for peace is like fucking for chastity” or “Tune in, turn on, drop out” which found their origin in the opposition to the ongoing war and their attitude toward life in general. In order to accomplish their intends of world peace and love, they turned to Rock’n’Roll music, colorful clothing and appearance, the liberal use of “soft” drugs like marijuana and LSD (also known as acid) and the practice of free love, what often meant everybody with everybody. Somebody ones described the situation with “ If you can REMEMBER the 60s, you haven’t REALLY been there”.

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Hippies were also highly influenced by the beat movement of the 1950s which influenced the musical movement and brought out idols like Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Janis Joplin and the Beatles. The probably best known meeting of such stars was the largest festival of that time: “Woodstock Music and Art Fair, an Aquarian Exposition“. The festival that is commonly know as just plain “Woodstock” attracted 400 000 followers.

Music idols of that time and the Hippie life style were marked by an out standing clothing style. People wore ragged jeans, Tie-dyed shirts, surplus military garments and enriched their outfits with beats and Native American ornaments. Growing a beard at the male side and long hair for both genders was a point-setting statement, too, which was supported by the general “do your own thing” approach. A popular symbol that couldn’t miss was the well-know “peace” symbol which had it’s origin in the Navy where it symbolized the letters N and D which stood for “Nuclear Disarmament”.

Hippies also experimented with different religions that mostly came from the southeastern areas of this world like Zen Buddhism. That religion stated that mediation, self contemplation and intuition where the key to enlightenment. Because many Hippies practiced meditation, other unusual religious procedures and listened to Indian Yogis and Gurus, 1968 was declared the “Year of the Guru”.

!968 was also the climax of the whole movement and people remember it as the “Summer of Love”. A strong contribution to the whole situation had the legality of marijuana in 14 states during the Carter-Administration. However, the downfall of the culture was predetermined. Everything turned negative when the communes turned seedy and dangerous and became a Mecca for muggers, drug dealers a runaways. Signs of the downfall where deaths of popular persons as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970 who both died of an drug overdoses. Another shocking event was the murder on the actress Sharon Tate and on an attendant of a Rolling Stones concert by Hippie groups. People of the Counter-coulter discovered that they weren’t able to live without the conventional society and found themselves collecting welfare and food stamps from the first despised government.

People saw that movement as a resort to paradise on earth. They wanted to escape the dissatisfactory American society which they found cold and cruel. Hippies wanted to get out of a the politically hardened, one-sided prosperity-orientated society. They felt caught in a society which glorified war (Vietnam) and profit. War, especially, was seen as a symbol of unjustified violence. Hippies, therefore, built there own world to break out off reality (Jim Morrison: “The most important kind of freedom is to be the one you really are. Sometimes you play a role in reality... then, you give up the ability to feel and put on a mask.”).

The government opposed those changes completely and referred to them as “revolutionary terrorism” which reflected a thread to law and order on campuses and cities. Hippies also presented a danger to traditional values, in their opinion, and would lead to America’s plunge into anarchy and lawlessness. The conservatives attacked the cultural movement as well. They especially disliked the decadent values (such as free love and the extensive use of drugs) and were of the opinion that youths abandoned rational thoughts for uninhibited self-expression. Many mainstream Americans also came with the argument that Hippies abused the governmental social program by collecting welfare. However, politics did influence the hippies’ behavior and their actions in general.

The Hippie-movement, however, left a big imprint on the society all over the world. It brought changes to our daily life that we often don’t connect to that time period. Major changes came with the rise of popular (pop) art. Artists like Andy Warhol wanted to bring the new art into the mainstream, what he successfully did with his picture of Marilyn Monroe for example. The Hippie culture lived on in the way people dressed and groomed. Longer hair, more colorful clothing, blue jeans are normal to one’s eye today, but found their origin on the 60s/70s.

Probably the most essential change was the establishment of Rock’n’Roll. People still listen to “The Beatles”, “Joe Cocker” and other musicians from that time. Their words made people think and created a link through which they all were and still are connected. Hippies also contributed to the strengthening of individual behavior. The “do your own thing” attitude and the openness towards sexual behavior is integrated into society and also led to the sexual revolution a few years later. Politically, Hippies didn’t move a lot. Sure, they demonstrated a lot, but the government didn’t value their opinion very much and more than anything tried to keep them under control.

I think that changes the Hippie-movement brought, are indispensable. People realized that they had the opportunity to live the way they thought would be right. They were given the chance to experiment with extremes and also found out how they would affect each one of them. Learning about that time gives each individual, today, the possibility to form their own opinion about different life styles. The cultural changes Hippies brought are great. The music, art and fashion is unique and expresses happiness in an unrestricted way. That, I think, is very important in our restless society in which we often don’t take the time to simply be free, happy and love.

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Essay on New Zealand

During the period from 1984 to 1994 New Zealand experienced a radical change in economic and social policy under the leadership of the fourth Labour and National governments. Beginning with the devaluation of the New Zealand dollar by Lange’s fledgling Labour government on 18 July 1984, and ending with Finance Minister Ruth Richardson pushing the Fiscal Responsibility Act through the Bolger led National government before being dismissed, the economic and social responsibilities of New Zealand’s government changed completely. Everything from the lowering of trade barriers, to the floating of the New Zealand dollar, to the overhaul of labour relations has had an important impact on life in New Zealand. Sectors such as communications and commercial airline travel have been privatised and/or deregulated, and the economic and consumer landscape is essentially transformed now at the beginning of the 21st century. One important area of the New Zealand economy that has seen a great deal of change since 1984 is the news media, both broadcast and print. Legislation in the late 1980s and early 1990s has led to deregulation of the market and the complete opening of the New Zealand media to foreign ownership. Although the government has maintained some control of television and radio stations, such as TV1 and New Zealand Public Radio, and established some new agencies to minimally oversee the market, a great deal of cross-media and foreign ownership has occurred. These changes have had an unmistakable effect on the nature and diversity of content, and profitability of the news media in New Zealand.

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Media Environment Prior to Legislation
The New Zealand news media prior to deregulation legislation was characterised by a high degree of state control, particularly in television and radio. Television stations TV1 and TV2 were, as now, state-owned stations that broadcast both domestic and overseas programming, including a nightly national news program. Few other television options were available, even cable service Sky was not launched until after some of the deregulation in 1990. Television standards were imposed on broadcasters by the Broadcasting Tribunal, which issued renewable warrants of broadcast for fixed time periods. Foreign investment in New Zealand broadcasting companies was limited to five percent, and as a result news media was firmly in the hands of New Zealand owners. The Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand was the state owned company that controlled television stations, as well as the vast majority of radio stations. State owned radio included both commercial and public broadcasting stations, and the Broadcasting Tribunal regulated and allocated the rights to stations on the frequency spectrum.

Newspapers, unlike television and radio, were free from government ownership and control, and management of most regional, suburban, and metropolitan newspapers in New Zealand became steadily conglomerated by one of two corporations, Independent Newspapers Ltd (INL) and Wilson and Horton Ltd. The only independent metropolitan daily newspaper left is the Otago Daily Times, and only a few regional dailies such as the Northland Times and Westport News remain independent. Despite the conglomeration of the newspaper industry within the hands of INL and Wilson and Horton, both companies were still controlled by New Zealand owners before deregulation.

Deregulation Legislation
Lange’s Labour government in 1988, following re-election in 1987, passed the first legislation directly aimed at the media. The Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand Restructuring Act reorganized the BCNZ into two state-owned enterprises (SOEs), Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand (RNZ), which then had to operate as profit making businesses. Then, in 1989, the Broadcasting Act and the Radiocommunications Act were passed, which were both aimed at lessening government control and regulation of the television and radio markets in order to increase privatisation and profitability.

The Broadcasting Act disbanded the Broadcasting Tribunal and ended the system of broadcasting warrants. The tribunal was replaced by the Broadcasting Standards Authority, which was tasked with monitoring only the standards of good taste and decency. The Radiocommunications Act replaced the Broadcasting Tribunal’s responsibility of regulating and allocating the broadcast rights to radio stations on the frequency spectrum with a mostly unregulated market-based system. Twenty-year licenses were set up for the rights to unused broadcasting frequencies, and so a tradeable market for broadcast rights was established.

When the new television station TV3, set up in 1989, collapsed in 1990 and no New Zealand investors were found, the recently elected fourth National government ended the restrictions on foreign ownership of local media in 1991.

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Research Proposal on Total Quality Management

Businesses of a half-decade ago laughed at the pioneers of a total quality management system. The basic idea of a total quality management system is to improve performance at all levels and all aspects of a business to maintain competitiveness in the market and gain customer satisfaction. There are many facets encompassed in a total quality management model, which is probably why the pioneers were ridiculed. But over time the total quality concept has emerged and proved it is what businesses of today need. Like a new sheriff in a small town, TQM redefined what quality means, how to achieve it, and how to measure it.

Traditional methods were needed and worked effectively in an era where employees took orders and manufacturing and production were the driving force of a business. With globalization and e-business on the frontier needs have changed, thus the need for total quality management to be implemented in all businesses of the new era.

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Impact of Globalization
As companies venture beyond domestic borders and into the international arena total quality is a key to their success. The concept of globalization is to offer quality products at a competitive price to foreign customers. Without a quality product a company would not be competitive in foreign markets. Since customer satisfaction is a key element to the TQM model, it is important to understand what quality means to the various cultures of the global arena.

Since most companies today understand the importance of total quality many companies have set out to get a quality certification such as an ISO 9000 certification. The importance of a quality certification is that it makes a company more competitive in the market they are involved in. One day a certification such as ISO 9000 will become a minimum requirement for a business because as technology advances the need for flawless products will increase.

Additionally, quality certifications will prove to customers that they are getting quality products.

Traditional vs. Quality
As discussed, the total quality concept focuses on increased customer satisfaction by continuing to improve the performance of all aspects of a company. A half century ago management laughed at this ideal focusing on only improving quality in key areas of the manufacturing process. Traditional style believed that quality could be increased if performance of research and development or production could be improved. When presented with the concept of total quality, the pioneers were ridiculed for their ideals. The concept of empowering employees and satisfying the customer were not top priorities in the traditional era.

One important element that is encompassed in the total quality concept is the six-sigma theory. Over the last half-decade increased volume and complexity of manufacturing has lead to the TQM model to be adopted by organizations.

“Traditional…measured process performance in defective parts per hundred produced…with total quality the same measurement is thought of in parts per million” (Univ. of Phoenix, p. 20). In the latter 70’s management saw the need for total quality over the traditional method. Today TQM is a large part of an organizations success and is extended beyond the production or manufacturing aspect of a company. In large corporations all departments have adopted the ideals of total quality to improve performance of all levels.

Conclusion
The total quality concept is important for businesses to be successful in the future. Over time continued pressure on quality products will force businesses to adopt certifications proving they are adhering to the total quality concept. This will ultimately be a good thing for businesses because it will divide the successful from the unsuccessful. The reference to the TQM concept being compared to a new sheriff is even in the old west there was a time for change. The new sheriff would normally try to improve the quality of the town to make its’ residents safe and attract visitors by eliminating those that did not contribute to the town in a positive fashion. The same holds true for the total quality concept; improved quality will yield a better product and productivity of the employees will be enhanced at all levels in all departments.

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Research Paper on Eminem

Turn on the radio to any popular station and you’re likely to hear a song or two of popular rap artiest, Eminem, also known as Marshall Mathers II. Kids in middle school adore him, young adults in universities blast him. His records sell millions and reaches number one on charts. Yet, controversy over the Detroit native, seems to never end. Parents, Gay and Lesbian groups, and other critics can’t stand him. He’s been involved in several court cases and accused of influencing young teens negatively. As a culture, we have changed dramatically over the years, going from hip-shaking Elvis to rappers such as Eminem. Some love him, others despise him and their reasons run deep. How do you defend a grown man who sings of murdering his ex wife, taking advantage of young girls and drugs? I know, I personally, can’t fathom why he sings about the things he sings about. Al Mancini of ABC news and David Plotz share a similar viewpoint and find a way to defend the rapper.

Both seem to accept this behavior as a part of our culture. So what is it about today’s culture that accepts this behavior? Mancini wrote an article entitled In Defense of Eminem: Critics Take Too Slim a View of Shady. He believes Eminem is a brilliant musician and his heinous speech serves a purpose. Mancini, does not believe that his most “offensive” and “vile” lyrics alone can be defended, however he looks beyond the words. His newest album is a work of brilliance because we get to see the artist looking into his conscience, debating if he’s taken himself too far. Teens these days seem to be in constant debate with themselves and their alter ego, the good and the bad, the devil and angel. Peer pressure, advice, working parents, money, all plays a factor of these feelings. In any generation, teens and young adults are into expressing their feelings in different ways. Mancini touches on this in a section of his paper called Eminem for Dummies and his argument takes an interesting twist. He believes that in order to understand his ways, you need some background on the artist. Only seems fair in my opinion. He talks about Marshall Mathers’s alter ego, known as Slim Shady. On his first album released, The Slim Shady LP, the thoughts on that CD, were not really those of Eminem’s but rather the thoughts of his alter ego.

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That debate in itself can be quite complicated, because Eminem has come out and admitted those are the thoughts of his alter ego. This is what the kids and young adults identify with it seems. As Plotz puts it: “Eminem is the only white rapper with credibility among black fans, white fans, and critics”. Merchants of Cool, a report on the creators and marketers of popular culture, says that white-middle class boys are Hip-Hop’s main audience and they want something to be angry about.

Eminem fits that icon perfectly: a white- angry man rebelling. Dick Hebdige, who wrote the book, Subculture: The Meaning of Style, I think states it well saying that our youth culture has and always will be a mix of inauthentic and authentic, the pure and the corrupted. Our press swarms the rapper and his every lyric or action, only drawing attention to him more and more. It seems a mixture of culture, media, and politics has created this horror image, giving the youth the rage they crave and keeps record labels and producers happy.

Our culture has created a double standard. I remember when the Dixie Chicks came out with a song entitled “Goodbye Earl”. In the song, the country singers sing about killing a woman’s husband and keeping it a secret, very similar to Eminem’s song “Kim” where he murders his ex-wife and dumps her in a lake. Other singers, including Johnny Cash and Nick Cave, have sung about murders and killing, yet no controversy or as much hype was raised. So why are Slim Shady’s lyrics taken so literally when Mr. Mathers himself has come out and said his fans should take his music with a grain of salt.

When you look back through pop music, there is always that one entertainer who gets pinpointed as a bad influence on our youth. There was Elvis, with his hip shaking, The Beatles, with their long hair, and Madonna, with her heavy make-up and sexual antics.

At the same time aren’t those the artist who define that generation. Think of 60's music, who pops into mind? Most will answer The Beatles. Every generation has it’s own form of rebellion and cultural identity. Somehow, through the years, we as a culture have changed our ideas of what is and isn’t not accepted. So why not just let kids express themselves the way they wish? Some disagree with Mancini and Plotz, stating very strong viewpoints on why not to accept the rapper in our culture.

Jackson Katz, who published an online discussion on Mr. Mathers and why people dislike him lists reasons why he dislikes him, including his gay and lesbian bashing, rape and murder insinuations along with others. Eminem defenders say that just because they listen to the rappers lyrics, doesn’t mean they themselves will go rape or murder a person. Katz, however opens up the possibility, that although highly unlikely, what if some unstable young kid does in fact decide to go imitate what he hears in the songs. After all, that seems to be the fear, we’ll create a generation of mini Slim Shadys.

“You cannot have these constantly gratuitous exhortations to violence and not expect some impact, some consequences, some spinoff” stated John Howard. In any generation, music has power over the youth, it has for decades and continues too. Again, the media seems to come into play. In an article entitled Eminem Culture, Marianne M. Jennings attacks Time Magazine for loving Eminem just because film critics like his film “8 mile”. She also attacks the New York Times for calling the film “Oscar worthy”.

She even goes as far as to attack our homeland, America, saying it is “land of the extremes and home of the malcontents....” saying we accept what say calls “rubbish pawned off as art”.

Another defense Eminem supports will use is his tough Detroit upbringing in a trailer park. He
didn’t know his father much and the rapper says his mother was a heavy drug user. He was bullied at school, and beaten up a lot as well. However some argue saying that any generation has children brought up rough, that’s life. Jennings feels that critics and supporters of Mr. Mathews “demand that we accept trash as art because the artist had a rough childhood”.

Everyone has hard times and yeah, some people have it harder, and that’s very unfortunate. That doesn’t give anybody the excuse to run wild. Jennings points out that Emily Dickinson had it rough as well, however she geared her anger, and lonely feelings towards insight and poetry.

How many other music artist out there had it tough? Eminem is not the first not the last to have a tough upbringing. So as a result of this upbringing, the artist is rebelling, correct? What Katz wants to know is who is he rebelling against? Is he rebelling against “powerful woman who oppress weak and vulnerable men? Omnipotent gays and lesbians who make life a living hell for straight people?” The rapper really would be rebelling more if he rapped about supporting gays or women’s civil rights. By offending “a lot of parents, kids can ‘rebel’ against their parents’ wishes by listening to him, buying his Cd’s, ect.” Katz claims.

In the end, no matter what generation or type of culture we live in, there will be people singing
and rapping, or doing something others don’t approve of. In a way, isn’t that what makes America so great? We have freedom to express ourselves in any way we please.

It happens that Eminem expresses himself by rapping crudely and well, it sells. The youth likes it. Imagine if we still listened to tunes such as the Beach Boys or Elvis. How boring would that be if as a culture, we never changed? I believe this is a never-ending argument. I think that like anything else in this world, there will be people who like and dislike him. A trend among the famous and their critics seems to be the more extreme one goes, the more controversy and talk there is about that artist. Isn’t the goal in Hollywood to have your name out there?

That’s what our society wants to hear, the “dirt”. What are the tabloids all about? Mr. Mathers has done just that. Wether it’s bad or good press, anybody from the ages of 6-70 know of the rapper and his songs. In some ways, the rapper has been successful just in that alone, and unfortunately in that business and in this day in age, any press seems to be good press.

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Research Proposal on Communication

There are many types of different interpersonal communication that we take part in day to day. These include communication between friends, between classmates, and between siblings and other family members. One of the most important forms of communication that we take part in is that of communication with co-workers. There are many different forms of communication in the workplace that can lead to different types of relationships. The different forms of communication that will be touched upon in this paper are the interview, upward communication, downward communication, lateral communication, and grapevine messages.

Along with these forms of communication different relationships will be explored. These include mentoring relationships, networking relationships, and finally, and perhaps the most trivial, the romantic relationship in the workplace.

The interview is the initial form of communication between employer(s) and a possible future employee that is largely based on a question and answer format. These questions are aimed to achieve specific goals to establish whether or not an individual is capable of performing a certain job. In the past, communication in interviews was generally taken place in a setting that had two or more people in the same room communicating face to face. However, with technological advances interviews are now taking place via telephones, chat rooms, and through e-mail.

Once in the workplace there are different directions in which communication flows. “Upward and downward communication and lateral communication are the formal channels which are officially sanctions by the organization (). Upward communication refers to messages sent from lower levels of hierarchy to the upper levels that generally include progress of assigned jobs, problems a worker may be encountering, ideas for improvement, and feelings about issues within the job or workplace. atmosphere. Upward communication helps organizations grow and work on feedback. New ideas can be elaborated and individuals in the lower parts of the hierarchy can feel a sense of belonging.

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The Ethics Of Distance Learning Today
Downward communication refers to messages sent from the higher levels of the hierarchy to the lower levels. This includes messages that get sent from a top executive to a secretary. Forms of downward communication involve direct orders, appraisals, and complaints. And example of an order is if a dean of a school told it’s faculty members that they must have their grades into the registrar’s office by the following Friday. Appraisals are a form of downward communication in which individuals at higher levels motivate workers and show appreciation for work that the employees have accomplished. Complaints are a different form of downward communication but nonetheless are an essential source of feedback. Complaints convey the feelings of one person, or in some cases more than one, when things are not going well and when changes need to be made.

According to Joseph A. Devito, if one wishes to keep this channel of vital communication open they should follow these suggestions:

1. Let the person know that you are open to complaints and that you do view them as essential sources of information. Complaints must be welcomed and it should be known that they are essential for improving the workplace environment.
2. Listen to complaints and use effective listening with empathy and support. The person giving the complaint should be given complete attentions devoid of any interruptions.
3. The person listening to the complaint must make sure that they understand the thoughts and the feelings that go along with the complaint and in turn respond to the thoughts and feelings.
4. Finally, the person listening to the complaint should ask what he or she would like them to do to fix the problem(s).

Lateral communication refers to messages that are exchanged between equals. This could include communication between two professors or among managers. “Lateral communication facilitates the sharing of insights, methods, and problems. It helps the organization avoid some problems and solve others” ().

Grapevine messages are a form of communication that is considered to be informal in the workplace as they seem to have a life of their own. They tend to deal more with social and personal maters rather than information that is directly related to the work environment itself. Grapevine communication is at it’s highest when there is great upheaval or change within the workplace and information is knew, some refer to this as gossip.

Mentoring relationships are those in which an experienced worker passes on to another less experienced worker their expertise or acquired knowledge throughout the years. This relationship involves the most hands environment and is the most ideal learning environment(). The trainee gets the chance to learn from an expert, ask questions, and get feedback as well. Studies of mentors involved in internship and induction programs in a school setting, reported that serving as a mentor caused experienced teachers to reflect on their own teaching knowledge, beliefs and practices and broaden their professional knowledge ().

“Networking relationships are often viewed as a technique for securing a job, or using other peopel to help you solve your problems, or at least offer insights that bear on your problem” ().Networking comes naturally for many people. They're the one’s people listen to around any social circle; the ones whose names everybody knows, and the ones that easily blend into any crowd. It comes in two forms: formal and informal. Informal networking occurs everyday. It consists of simple questions like which people should be avoided if you need help, or where you can find the nearest printer. Formal networking is more systematic. It deals with building up a framework of relationships that will help you climb up a “ladder”. Formal networking consists of making connections with those who can get your promoted or perhaps even relocated.

The last relationship that will be discussed is the romantic relationship in the workplace. This is perhaps the most researched as it causes a great deal of controversy. Opinions vary widely as to whether romances can be harmful to the working environment. It is important to note that it is still legal to ask out a co-worker on a date and start a romantic relationship. However with all the recent news about sexual harassment lawsuits, many employees and emplyers have become uncomfortable with the idea of romances in the work environment.

Mфny employers have, or have had in the past, policies “forbidding” such relationships. But now “more employers are finally admitting that love and physical attraction generally cannot be regulated, and, rather than fight a losing battle, progressive employers now insist that managers report these relationships so that the manager or the direct report can be moved” (). These steps must be taken to ensure that one of the individuals involved isn’t responsible for the other at work, i.e., in charge of promotions, evaluations, and what not.

In some cases a business must talk directly to the two people involved in the relationship to make sure that both individuals state that the relationship is purely voluntary so no sexual harassment claims can be filed later. Sexual harassment causes a great deal of upheaval in the workplace as it causes a disruption in communication, unnecessary lawsuits, and lots of lost time. Sexual harassment suits are very serious in nature and one of a company’s worst nightmares.

Another issue that companies deal with, much to their dissatisfaction, are when relationships among their workers go sour. This inhibits communication due to the fact that it may be stressful for former partners to see eachother. Also, workers may feel that they may need to take sides with their fellow co-workers. Some feel that they may need to be supportive of one partner and critical of the other. This causes a great deal of friction in the work environment. Heather Bowen, a current employee of Applebees of Danbury, states, “When my boyfriend Jordan and I broke up, it seemed as if the waitstaff divided into two groups. When we work the same shift we completely ignore eachother, and it is very awkward for everyone else because we were all a close knit group before the break-up ” (). n asked how and when it directly affects the customers of the restaurant Heather replied, “If a customer in mine or Jordan’s section asks one of us for their server, we will have to get someone else involved because we can’t stand to talk to eachother yet, thereby making the customers wait longer” (). Another interviewee of Applebees, who wished to remain annoymous, stated, “There is definately tension when we all work with Heather and Jordan. A lot of us feel like we are walking on eggshells and we do not communicate as freely as we used to”().

Although many negative aspects can ocurr from dating in the workplace there are positive results as well. These include the notion that going to work may be more enjoyable and people may be willing to work longer hours without complaining as much. All in all, workplace relationships are something that will always be with us. They are not going away and they do “straddle the line between ‘personal’ and ‘professional’().The broken hearts will have to heal on their own, but when management can apply good commuincative practices they can avoid some of the drama and problems that businesses face.

In conclusion, from being in a work environment myself, I would have to say that the majority of problems or issues that my co-workers and I are faced with on a day to day basis, are in fact due to poor communication. It is important to create and maintain relationships in which one can communicate freely and open express their idea. As a result, more efficient and satisfying results will be accomplished.

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