Research Paper on Cults

Research Paper on Cults in Our World

Cults have been spreading throughout society taking people over with their beliefs; some cults are making a terrible impact in the world outside of them. Some people join cults for religious reasons, like seeking spiritual enlightenment. Others join cults because their friends or family members are in the same cult. Some people feel completely accepted by group members in ways that they never found in the outside world. People who feel dissatisfied with life, or disillusioned with the world join cults (Barghusen 24-29).

Adults are at risk for joining cults because they face many transitions in their lives that make them targets. If they have been divorced or lost a long-held job, they may be questioning their self-worth. Observers of damaging cults noticed recruiters are turning their attention to people going through a mid-life crisis for recruits, especially woman (Porterfield 41). “Just being a teenager can make you a cult target” (Porterfield 38). Parents claim that some lyrics of some songs contain messages of hate, and destruction, which might provoke teenagers to become Satanists. Marilyn Manson and other singers use explicit lyrics about things that can be linked to satanic ideas.

People can join cults by just volunteering. Some cults like Neopagans do not actively recruit, those who are interested must seek out the cult themselves. Some cults recruit new members. Recruitment varies by cults, but it is a step-by-step process (Singer 29). Parties are used to recruit people in some cults. The parties offer an abundant supply of alcohol, illegal drugs, and uninhibited sex. This method is effective in most cases because that promises fulfillment of desires and wants with no strings attached. Sexually explicit photographs are used to recruit people. At parties, prospects are made to get drunk and high. They are photographed in a compromising position, like with a member of the opposite or same sex. Then they are threatened with exposure to family, friends, and others unless they join the cult (Gordon 30). Some people are made promises before they are recruited. Some may be told that as a member they can achieve their dreams of success through Satan’s powers (Otten 80).

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There are many different types of cults throughout the world but I will only talk about a few of them. Wicca is sometimes called the Old Religion. It is based on European pre-Christian traditions. Wicca groups are called covens. Neopaganism is a broad term for what people call Earth-based religions or shamanism. Most Neopagans claim to believe in magick and practice it.

Their ethics direct them to use spells for healing rather then harm. They say harm done will come back three times over the person who cast the spell (Porterfield 29-30). In Messianic Cults sacrifices are made by the followers on the leader’s behalf. Scientific-Oriented Cults tend to be less coltish; they address the mind (Barden 39-40). A new Satanic Cult has emerged in which there are reports of ritual satanic abuse (Mc Alister 18). In Isaiah 14: 12-15, Lucifer is referred to as a fallen angel because of his vanity and desire to be God (Holy 400). Lucifer represents the rebellious spirit, opposed to Christianity and the God of creation. Lucifer and Satan are equivalent but different names for the same demon. Anton La Vey’s “Satanic Bible” says, “Satan represents undefiled wisdom, instead of hypocritical self-deceit”(5).

After recruitment the new cult member learns more about the cults mission, and how to work towards their goals. If the cult lives together the new member will now have to move in the center (Melton 8). Cult members are rarely alone. Through constant association, members will rely on each other for affection and emotional support. Since the members of cults are so together that tends to control their behavior. Cult members are often discouraged from expressing any doubts or questions they have about the group. They spend a part of each day in devotion, prayer, meditation, or study of the cults principles. Many Christian-based cults have long hours of sermons, prayer, and bible study. Some cult members are sent out to tell others about their faith (Barghusen 34-38).

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Essay on Pompeii

It was still very early in the morning, I would have said about seven. I should have known what time it was, but my time-keeping glass shattered on the floor during the night. My servant Thernius reported to me that earth tremors caused it to happen. I saw no need to pursue the matter further, simply because I believed him: I was woken up a few times during the night by my bed shaking and dogs barking. I sent Thernius to go and find out the time by running down to Claudius’ house, hoping that his glass had not broken along with mine.

Although it was only early the sun had risen, yet still low above the horizon, I could feel the rays starting to warm up my back. I strolled over to the window, and surveyed the scenery. Vesuvius was still there as ever, towering above the skyline, a formidable beast, his presence always known. But the giant was sleeping peacefully; he had been since I moved to the picturesque Pompeii. I gazed out of the window, up the gentle slope. I had only been living in Pompeii for a year, so no work had been done on the garden. At the moment it consisted of long grass and a few randomly scattered bricks. I stared dreamily out, and my mind was drawn to the movement of the grass. With every slight gust of wind, a row of grass would lurch and sweep up the entire length of my garden and as the grass started to thin out, it fell down and disappeared.

The ground started vibrating, the glasses on the table toppled over and rolled onto the mosaic floor, the vibrating weakened and died. It was followed by another lurch. Whereupon I was thrown backwards, landing on my back. I pushed myself to my feet and noted the blunt pain throbbing in my shoulder blades.

Thernius soon returned from his errand, announcing that Claudius’s time glass had smashed too, but the sundial showed it to be eight o’clock.

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The subject soon turned to the earth tremors. No one seemed to know why they were happening. Some people, particularly the elders, said that it was a message from the gods reminding us to be grateful for such a good life. I did not agree with them, until later when I knew that was exactly what it was.

The remainder of the morning passed without any tremors, nothing happened of any interest, people pursued their activities as normal. Until the gods made themselves known.

It was just after midday it happened. I was eating luncheon, when the loudest bang I had ever heard, accompanied by the largest earth tremor yet, it swept across the bay. Everyone was flung off their chairs, the sound carried on, but the tremor soon subsided, and everyone brought themselves to their feet. We walked to the window, to see what had caused this. Vesuvius was on fire.

The summit of Vesuvius was throwing a huge column of smoke high up into the air, and the column was growing rapidly.

I heard babies crying, men shouting, women screaming, and animals making noises of terror. There were a few who watched in silent.

The Gods had come. Some people were scared some were not. I was. However I did not want to leave, Pompeii was my home, and the fact that it wasn’t invincible to the power of the gods, never crossed my mind. It quite obviously crossed other people’s minds. Many people left, but equally as many stayed. Servants had no choice in the matter; they stayed or went according to the will of their masters.

The column of smoke rose for hours, by two o’clock the sky was black, dusk had fallen and night had settled in. The smoke blocked out the sun and with it any light apart from the glow of fires and candles in Pompeii. Then came the stone, stone from the heavens. Small pieces of rock rained down, soon covering the floor outside. I was outside when it started to fall, a few pieces hit my head, but it did not hurt. It was light as a feather. However larger, heavier chunks of rock fell with it too. A rabbit, lay several paces in front of me, its head contorted and the dark crimson colour of blood staining its fur.

Why was God punishing the animals?
Soon the animals became people, bodies lying on the streets, however it was not long before people wised up to it. The streets were nearly deserted save the occasional homeless person sheltering in a corner. The people of Pompeii were inside.

Hours passed, the feather rock built up on the roof until the joists were creaking under strain…they were only built to withstand rain. Every so often I heard shrill screams accompanied by crashing sounds. I wondered what was happening, it took me several minutes to realise. The roofs were collapsing.

Now, I decided, was the time to pray. I prayed for two hours to the gods, begging to know why they were punishing us like this.

Then I heard a thunderous roar. It was almost as loud as the one that came first. And I looked out my window to see that one side of the column had fallen down and was speeding down the mountain at an alarming rate. I closed up the windows, and hid under the bed, hoping to avoid the smoke heading my way.

A rumbling noise approached, sounding like a stampede, it approached. Then all of a sudden Thernius’ head appeared under the bed.

“Master, what are we to do?” he asked My reply was cut off as the rumbling got louder and the room quickly got hotter and hotter. Thernius collapsed in the heat and the smoke. It got hotter and hotter still until I could not feel a thing but blinding pain. And then nothing.

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Term Paper on Toyota

Introduction
For over a decade Toyota motor company has been the leading auto manufacturing in quality, customer satisfaction, and affordability. But in the spring of 1992 Toyota Motor Manufacturing (TMM) in Georgetown, Kentucky noticed a problem. They were beginning to see more and more cars coming off the assembly line with mal functioning or defective rear seats. Why now would such a problem arise? At first glance the seat issued looked to be a supplier based problem but upon further investigation the true reason for the problem began to come to light.

Toyota’s prided itself on building a production system designed to reduce costs by thoroughly, eliminating waste while upholding the highest quality standards in the industry. Toyota achieved this goal by applying two principles, first they employed the JIT production system, and subsequent they applied the jidoka principle, which effectively makes any production problem instantly self-evident and stops the production immediately.

These two systems were employed in the Kentucky manufacturing plant and they were working very well for every other portion of the assembly line but the seat installation station. How could a system work so efficiently in one area and so poorly in another? This is the question facing Toyota’s assembly manager Doug Friesen.

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The Seat Problem
Doug Friesen is the manager of assembly, for Toyota’s Georgetown, plant, and he is responsible for the entire production floor. Currently Toyota is having a problem with their rear seat installation and Doug in the man on the line to fix the seat problem. Doug first course of action is to identify the root cause, and then create a mitigation plan. Toyota’s seat problem was costing them approx 45 cars per shift and several hours a week of overtime. It is clear to Doug that the problem lies between TMM and their seat supplier Kentucky Framed Seat (KFS).

The problem began to propagate itself in early 1992 when the Toyota was preparing to introduce the new model Camry. The new Camry had 5 seat styles instead of the three styles used by the old model, and to complicate the issue Toyota began production of the Camry wagon (world wide) in April of 1992 . This created an increase in seat combination from 3 in early 1992 to 18 in April.

All the new combinations caused a major interruption in the TMM, and KFS production process, the old magic system had lost some of its magic. Now KFS was responsible for 18 seat combination and the following problems resulted at the TMM facility:

• The rear seat andon pulls have soared by 450% and 150% for the 1st and 2nd shifts respectively, during April.
• Defects are mostly the responsibility of KFS, and KFS owns on average 85% of the defects found in seats on a single day (see Figure 1).

With KFS owning 85% of the defects on the TMM production floor Doug knows that it is now time to make changes and identify exactly why they are having so much trouble with the rear seats.

In Doug’s attempt to adequately address the problem he interviewed his assembly teams and found very few new problems. His assembly staff could not think of anything new that could cause the problem with the seats. This leaves Doug with a couple options internally, first he could reassign the seat assembly teams and bring on more experienced crew to solve the problem, he could improve the off-line operations in the cases where manages decided to continue correcting seats off-line, and lastly he could address the issue of overworking KFS.

As Doug Friesen, I would concentrate my efforts on the root case of the problem and not the outcome of the problem. The solution to the rear seat problem should be addressed in a dual effort attack. First, KFS should be contacted to identify exactly why the rear seats are having problems. With this TMM and KFS should work closely together to complete a process evaluation to narrow down the possible sources of the defects. Subsequently, I would concentrate on TMM in-house problem. As we can see from Figure II (In Appendix I) the andon pulls (along the seat installation stations) in April increased gradually throughout the month. This clearly indicates a problem with the installation of the rear seat. TMM must look into the following three internal issues to resolve this problem.

• Increased number of defective items from supplier (KFS), defects build on defects
• Gradual decline in part quality, such as screws, fixtures, tools etc.
• New Team members in the rear seat installation group still learning

The issue with KFS can be solved by working closely with their management team to education and train their employees. The issue of part quality can be easily controlled by addressing the issue with the production control foreman and the purchasing agents responsible for those parts.

The last issue is with TMM’s new team members. Data shows that the increase in andon pulls occurred when the new crew was assigned to the rear seat assembly section. This is more than likely the major cause of the in house based defects. TMM could combat this problem by partner each new employee with a more experience mentor and have the senior employee train the junior employee as an apprentice until they are ready to work on their own.

Is this Toyota Production System?
As far as deviation from the Toyota Production System, the manner in which the seat problem was handled is far from jidoka. Jidoka calls for building quality into the production process and strongly condemns any deviation from value-additions. The seat defects were not being corrected immediately upon their detection, and therefore the process was being violated. By allowing the defective seats to go into the system as defects Toyota broke its own rules.

In this case the cars with defective seats were allowed to slip though the system for the following reasons:
1. The final assembly people already knew of the problem
2. It was possible to finish building the car without seat assemblies
3. It was felt that stopping the line was too expensive given how long to took to obtain the replacement seat.

The breach of the jidoka system ended up costing Toyota a significant amount of time and money to identify and correct the problem. Because cars were allowed to be completed with a defective seat the problem was essential swept under the carpet until it could contain no more. This action caused Toyota’s famed quality control system to fail. Toyota celebrated production control systems were so perfect that they where able to increase production while reducing cost. But with this seat issue Toyota began to become a reactive company instead of a proactive company.

The Real Problem
Fortunately for Toyota, the real problem facing is Doug Friesen is not a lack of policy and procedure, but instead it is a deviation from the standard procedure. The seat issue should have been quashed the first time it appeared as a problem. But management did not understand the overall problem so they allowed PC, QC, and team leader to send the defective car on down the line. Their actions allowed this seat problem to promulgate itself into a major problem. But Toyota’s superior quality controls system and their proactive approach allowed Doug and his assembly team to catch the problem before it reached the consumer. This situation just goes to show the “an ounce of prevention is “truly” worth a pound of cure.”

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Mexican Immigration Essay

Essay on Mexican Immigration

Mexican immigration into the United States has been going on for a long time. One of the first big wave of immigrants was in 1910 during Mexico’s revolution. The numbers have been going up ever since. Mexicans have been getting mixed signals from the United States about their immigration. In the 1920’s the U.S was very welcoming due to labor shortage in results to World War I. During the Great Depression of the 1930’s Mexican immigrants were being blamed for taking the Americans jobs away. When the United States joined World War II the fear of shortage in the agricultural field grew again, and again they turned to Mexico for help through the Bracero Program. When the United States was in no longer need of Mexican workers they deported them back to Mexico. The United States was welcoming and friendly to Mexican immigrant but only when convenient for them.

Mexican Revolution began in 1910 and lasted until 1921. During this time Mexico and United states were in good standings. The United States kept out of the revolution although it did supply them with weapons. Mexico was full of chaos, there was no law or order. Many Mexicans left to the United States in look for a better life. In 1917 The United States entered World War I. During World War I United States was in search for unskilled workers for farming, railroad work, and work in other industries. The 1917 Immigration Act established a literacy test and head tax, but these restrictions on entry did not apply to Mexican immigrations. These exemptions were granted 1917-1920 and allowed fifty thousand Mexicans to enter. The 1920’s was a period of intense natives in the United States saw immigrants as a threat to Americas well being. To deal with the rising volume of migration from Mexico, Congress founded the U.S Border Patrol. At first the patrol lacked sufficient officers and equipment and areas that were requires twenty-four attention were only covered for eight hours at the most. In 1926 the Border patrol had 472 men, in 1927 632 men, in 1928 791 men. By 1930 the Border Patrol had captured over one hundred thousand illegal aliens, and over twenty -six hundred smugglers.

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Despite the nativism of the U.S citizens and the formation of the Border Patrol, the booming U.S economy of the “Roaring Twenties continued to generate a high demand for unskilled workers. Due to restrictions on European and Asian immigrations, U.S employers continued to look southward for unskilled workers.

The stock market crashed on October 1929, this marked a new era in the history of Mexico-U.S migration. With the begging of the Great Depression in the 1930’s the attitudes of U.S citizens towards Mexican immigrants hardened and grew very hostile. As unemployment rose to record levels in the U.S, Mexican immigrants became covenant scapegoats. Mexican immigrants were blamed for “taking away jobs of Americans.” To ease the frightened U.S workers, a massive round-up and deportation of Mexican immigration. Through out the United States, federal authorities in cooperation with state and local officials, coordinated a series of deportation campaign that during the 1930’s succeeded in reducing the size of Mexican population to forty one percent. During the 1930’s the presidency of Lazaro Cardenas was a time of great structural transformation and social change in Mexico. Mexico’s economy was going up, from 1930 to 1970 the real rate of economic growth average six percent per year, this became known as the “Mexican economic miracle” Despite this impressive growth, the rate of job creation in urban areas was no match Mexico’s rural population.

December 1941 United States enters World War II. The mobilization of American industry for the war effort and the enactment of military conscription created the prospect of serious labor shortage in American agriculture. Agricultural growers grew alarmed at the prospect of a labor shortage and turned to Congress and the president for help. Federal authorities did not want disruption of the food supply during was mobilization, so they turned to Mexico to recruit the necessary workers. In early 1942 the Roosevelt administration negotiated a binational treaty for temporary importation of Mexican farm workers who became known as braceros. On September 29,1942 the first batch of five hundred braceros was delivered by federal authorities.

During the Bracero Program, the size of Mexican migration (legal and illegal) was governed by the U.S ability to absorb workers rather than by the U.S ability to absorb workers rather than by a limitation of supply of Mexican workers. The northward movement was encouraged by advertising by American farmers, and increased as the news of available work spread. The hiring of illegal Mexican aliens increased as employers were dissatisfied with the Bracero Program. By 1944 the magnitude of this illegal border traffic reached new levels. From 1944-1954 was known as the “wetback “ period. The number of immigrants went up every year in 1944 it was 26,689 and in 1954 1,075,168.

Mexico nor the United States was willing to accept responsibility for the phenomenal increase of Mexican migration to the United States. Mexico was unwilling to increase it’s efforts to keep the workers home and suggested that the remedy lay in American action against employers of illegal immigrants. In a discussion held in 1947 between U.S and Mexico, it was agreed that the U.S give the subject of illegal entrants further study and that illegal aliens still in the U.S be legalized by contracting them at the border as bracero to assure them decent treatment.

The Border Patrol had been transformed from a small guard to a small army by 1954. With this new army of 800 officers began “Operation Wetback”, an unprecendent campaign to round up an unprecendent number of illegal Mexican aliens. “Operation Wetback” began June 17,1954.

Assisting the Border Patrol were: federal, state, county, municipal authorities-including railroad police officers, custom officials, FBI, Army, And Navy-supported by aircraft,watercraft, automobiles, radio units, special task forces, and public sentiment. During this operation a daily average of 1,727 illegal aliens were deported. Voluntary departures also increased.

Mexican migrated back to Mexico, and them immigrated back to the United States. From 1960-1968 Mexicans were able to enter without numerical restrictions into the United States. During this period 386,000 Mexicans received permanent resident visas, this was a forty three percent increase over the period 1950-1958.

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Research Paper on Arthur Miller

Tension, the suspense and drama of this play, is created and built up to great amounts and in various ways during Act two. This was most likely influenced by the events taking place at the time Arthur Miller wrote the drama. McCarthyism was a large part of Millers life and the comparisons between the unfair and unjustified trials of Salem and America greatly affected the play, for instance: the tense relationships between Miller and others at the time of McCarthyism could have been reflected on to the characters. Resulting in adaptations of the facts, such as the raising o Abigail’s age and decreasing the number of “girls involved in the ‘crying out.’”

This could also have been reflected onto the relationships between characters, such as John and Elizabeth.

In the scene between John and Elizabeth there is large amounts on tension brought out through the awkwardness in their speech and actions. Especially as Arthur Miller is extremely descriptive in his stage directions we can see that small compliments and ‘sweet comments’ such as “I mean to please you, Elizabeth” Cause Elizabeth to blush and are hard to accept.

Arthur Miller tells us that “a sense of their separation arises” and they do not act as close as a husband a wife should. We discover that John has lied to Elizabeth and her suspicion as well as the audiences brings the ‘awkwardness’ and tension to a climax resulting in John’s outburst “with a violent undertone,” and “solemn warning.” The ensuing argument keeps to Millers traditional writing technique, using abrupt conversations and unexpected interruptions.

Another aspect of tension is brought about by a particular unexpected interruption. When Mary Warren interrupts the tense argument between John and Elizabeth- Mary symbolises the tension of the community- she enters into the wake of a “Bitter” comment from John and she brings more suspicion to the scene. This is because her entrance surprises us, we wonder at her strange behaviour and we learn that she is now an official of the court. Her lack of response to Proctors anger and violence is confusing and adds mystery to the scene, which leads to suspense, drama and tension.

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Then, a second interruption by hale causes a large increase in tension, especially as he appears “Quite suddenly, as though from the air,” the proctors guilty-looking reaction of surprise also adds suspicion to the scene, the audience see the suspicion and tension at that moment, through Hales eyes and sense the danger that the Proctors are in.

Arthur Miller creates the tension in this scene through the suspicion of Hale and the awkwardness between Elizabeth and John. We are told that there is a “quality of urgency” about Hales manner and the way he openly suspects Elizabeth, by taking her shock at seeing him as guilt, makes the audience doubt their own judgement of the characters, creating more tension.

There is tension between all three characters as the proctors are defending their “Christian house” whilst silently feuding between themselves because of Johns sins.
There are themes of deceit, moral struggles and suspicion in this scene, all of which amount to a roller coaster of intensity.

As well as being very effective throughout the play, stage directions play a massive role in this scene. The uncomfortable situation between John and Elizabeth is shown through complex and detailed stage directions. John seasons the stew himself so as to not cause friction between them, they’re relationship is presented as a caring yet unbalanced one. Also, the stage directions regarding the behaviour and responses of other characters demand our attention and create drama and tension.

The dialogue of this scene also shows the tension of the characters involved. For example, most characters start to shorten their words and speak in a far more rigid fashion than usual when feeling threatened or uncomfortable, especially when a sense of suspicion enters the scene.

These monosyllabic phrases litter the scene and show the audience the rising conflicts in the household and also the community. There are also many opportunities where the characters could freely give information but Miller keeps us in suspense, and makes Marry Warrens and Hales manner very secretive and reluctant to give out information.

Finally, the community in which Salem is based is one with a severe fear of the unknown and is represented through Mary Warren, as a messenger of the community. Miller uses this builds tension around the fact that the audience has as little or less information about the events taking place as the characters. As both the audience and characters, with the exception of Mary Warren, are apparently in the dark.

Throughout the play Arthur Miller uses carefully chosen methods and wording to create drama and tension. During this scene he builds-up this tension through the particularly careful and effective use of the secretive dialogue, the descriptive stage directions, through individual reactions and speeches, the relationships between characters, the unexpected events and interruptions, the feelings and themes of the storyline, the suspicion of the unknown, the monosyllabic conversations and anti-Communist references. These would have made this scene especially popular at the time it was published and shows us just how tense Millers situation was to have reflected quite so noticeably in the play.

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Essay on Photosynthesis

The metabolic processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis recycle oxygen, as it is a reactant in respiration and a product in photosynthesis. Oxygen is released to the atmosphere by autotrophs during photosynthesis and taken up by both autotrophs and heterotrophs during respiration. It is a reactant in cellular respiration and used as the last receptor in the Electron Transport Chain, where the NADH drops off hydrogen ions, finally to the oxygen. The oxygen and hydrogen become water, which is a reactant in photosynthesis. This water is oxidized into oxygen during the light reactions carried out in photosynthesis. The light reactions use light to split apart water, a process called photolysis, which produces oxygen, hydrogen and electrons. This continual cycle of using up oxygen and then creating it again is what recycles it and helps to maintain stability in the processes and in the environment.

The rate of photosynthesis varies greatly with changes in environmental temperature in plants.

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To determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in plants, you would first need to formulate a hypothesis. For instance, that the rate of photosynthesis would be highest at moderate temperatures and lowest at very hot temperatures. Next, one would need to gather the materials necessary to complete the experiment. The independent variable for the experiment would be the varying temperatures one would expose the test plants to; a moderate environment where plants such as tomatoes, beans and peas would grow, a hotter environment such as in the Midwest where corn grows, and in severe heat conditions such as in the desert where cactus resides. For this specific experiment to measure the rate of photosynthesis, six of the same type, size, and age of plant would be exposed to each varying environmental temperature (two plants at each temperature) for a set period of time such as one month, and the rate of photosynthesis would be calculated, as the researcher would observe the plants daily, and make certain that other elements such as light, nutrients and water to be kept constant with the three plants, as well as the time of year and time of day that their results are recorded. After recording and comparing the data of each plant, one would formulate a conclusion based off of the results to determine the environment most favorable to a high rate of photosynthesis.

After conducting this photosynthesis experiment, one would expect the results to prove that plants perform photosynthesis at a higher rate at a moderate environmental temperature, and lower as the temperature rises and the climate differs. The two plants exposed to the moderate temperatures would perform photosynthesis at the highest rate, followed by the two plants at the hotter temperature, and lastly with the two plants at the desert-like heat conditions to perform photosynthesis at the lowest rate. The type of plants that live in moderate temperatures are able to keep their stomates open almost all day allowing for an abundance of CO2 to enter. The hotter the temperature becomes, the greater the potential to lose a lot of water, the reason why plants in hotter temperatures such as in the Midwest have to keep their stomates open less often and must concentrate CO2 in their leaves to avoid photorespiration, which is when the enzyme rubisco can bind to oxygen or CO2 if the CO2 levels are low and the oxygen levels are higher, than the rubisco binds to oxygen instead of CO2 in the dark reactions of photosynthesis. In the extremely hot temperatures such as in the desert, the rate of photosynthesis would be lower than the other two temperatures because the plants’ stomates are only open at night and are not able to take in the necessary COx to enter the plant to conduct photosynthesis and for the oxygen to leave the plant after photosynthesis. Thus, the longer the stomate can be open, the higher the rate of photosynthesis because more gases are allowed in and out of the stomate, and after the environmental temperature begins to get too high, the stomate cannot be open for as long, and cannot take in as much COx as in more moderate temperatures.

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Dissertation on Housing Sector

Dissertation on Housing

The inter-relationship between the health of the economy and interest rates is an incredibly important and often discussed topic. And recently in Australia the link between these and the housing sector has been heavily scrutinised. Penm et al. (1994, p. 241) have even suggested "housing activity is a leading indicator of general economic activity". In the Australian economy, the housing market is booming, some believe out of control. Whether or not the boom is sustainable is a topic which has serious consequences for the growth or contraction of the economy, and where opinions differ wildly.

The housing market has been experiencing a new high recently. Lenders lent a record $9 billion in March to people buying, building or refinancing their homes (Colebatch 2003). This increase in demand for housing has pushed up the cost for some first homebuyers to a prohibitive level. The prices for housing are experiencing 20 per cent to 25 per cent annual growth (Dempster 2002). This likely to be the effect of a shift in demand for housing and building, exceeding any shift made to supply in response. As the diagram (Pindyck & Rubinfeld 2001, p. 26) shows, the shift of the aggregate demand curve from D1 to D2 outweighs the shift in supply made in response (S1 to S2). This results in increased quantity (Q1 to Q2), but also increased price (P1 to P2).

Quantity demanded has increased over a large number of housing markets at once because this is a "hot" period for residential real estate markets (which experience "hot" and "cold" periods). A hot period is one where "average selling times are short, the volume of transactions is higher than the norm and prices are rising" (Krainer 1999, p.14). Many are predicting that this demand will not last and that тАЬthe residential construction boom is likely to peter outтАЭ(Statistics of Australia's Economy 1999-2004 2003). At these prices, first home buyers account for just over 15 per cent of loans for the year to March, which is close to an all-time low (Colebatch 2003). Also, there is oversupply in some areas, especially high-density unit markets in Sydney and Melbourne (Wade 2003). This is because oversupply leads to a reduction in prices, since there are more providers on the market (S1 to S2) without corresponding demand. The competition for buyers sends the prices down (P1 to P2).

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But a review of the building industry, conducted by Robert Meller and Jason Tyrrell of BIS-Shrapnel, has predicted demand in the building industry will be sustained (Wade 2003), as well as suggesting interest rates on home loans could reach 10% by 2006 (Teese 2003, p. 6). While the authors of the review concede, "There is now substantial risk that the looming oversupply will see a sharp and protracted correction" (What is the housing market doing? 2003), they feel the oversupply and soaring prices will result only in a lull over this year. "Both residential and non-residential building commencements will move into a fully fledged boom over the two years to 2005-06, driven by strong economic growth, as well as increasing underlying demand in both sectors," the report says.

The rationale behind this is that the Australian economy is growing out of the trough in the business cycle it experienced in 2000-2001. It is expected to grow in 2004 along with an anticipated global recovery and increased output from farms (Statistics of Australia's Economy 1999-2004 2003). BIS Shrapnel's forecast is for strong economic growth over the next three years, sending the unemployment rate below 5 per cent. "This will create labour shortages that will push wages higher and increase inflation. In turn, the Reserve will jack up interest rates aggressively", the report says. Here, the relationship between the state of the economy and interest rates is expressed explicitly.

The effect of a recovering economy will be both workers and producers will expect aggregate demand to increase, triggering an increase in prices. To maintain the same real wage level, workers demand wage increases, changing aggregate supply. This results in the price level rising again in the next period. This is a continuing positive rate of inflation (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 374-375).

At point A, workers and firms expect the price level to be 100, shown in the supply curve SRAS100. Workers and firms expect aggregate demand to shift to D2, making the price level 133. Workers then demand wage increases to maintain their real wage, shifting aggregate supply to SRAS133. The price level rises again in the next period, resulting in an ongoing inflation rate (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 374).

The Reserve Bank of Australia aims to keep the inflation rate of the economy within two to three per cent. The BIS-Shrapnel review proposes that in the middle of 2006 inflation will need to be controlled, as it gets too high. One of the methods of controlling inflation available to the Reserve Bank of Australia is to increase interest rates. Because interest rate increases making borrowing money more expensive, the measure lessens spending in the economy. This acts to limit the increase of aggregate demand in the economy. As Alan Thornhill (2003, p. 17) says "household consumption could retreat quite quickly".

Interest rate rises do reduce the rate of inflation, but with a reduction in demand comes a reduction in output, and so increased unemployment as production is cut and workers are no longer needed. "If the economy slows and you get rising unemployment, many people will have great difficulty servicing mortgages," the review says (Wade 2003).

The review predicts that at 10% interest rate level, the level of new building will fall 30% in the two years between 2005-2006 and 2007-2008 (Wade 2003). Demand for building decreases when interest rates rise for several reasons. Firstly, the cost of borrowing money increases, so buying or building a house is less affordable. Also, businesses are producing less after the rate rise, so there is less of a need to purchase plant and capital, including buildings. So, the relationship here between interest rates and investment, including housing, is obvious.

This diagram shows the effect of raising interest rates on the economy. Workers and firms expect aggregate demand to increase to D2. They negotiate increased wages, which shift aggregate supply to SRAS140, based on this. But the price rise that results is higher than the Reserve Bank of Australia's target. So, the RBA increases interest rates, moving aggregate demand back to D3 (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 376). The price level is reduced, but so is output, and unemployment increases.

With fewer employment opportunities in the community and home buyers with variable interest loans paying higher interest there is "Ьsome severe pain" to be "felt in the community" (Wade 2003).

It is obvious how inter-dependent the state of the economy, interest rates and the housing market are. The level of activity in the economy, or even the performance of one sector such as housing, are leading factors in any change of interest rates by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Any changes in interest rates can act to inflate of deflate the economy, and also an individual sector like housing. And deflation of an important sector such as housing can be the cause of "significant general economic fallout" (Thornhill 2003, p. 17). It is also now obvious why the state of the housing market, or any attempts to influence the economy through monetary or fiscal policy, are so keenly watched and debated.

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The Shawshank Redemption Essay

The film "The Shawshank Redemption" uses cinematic features and film techniques in the establishing shot and opening sequence of the film, to portray character and develop certain effects within the film.

The opening sequence of the film focuses on introducing one of the main characters in the film, Andy Dufesne. Andy is a banker, suffering from a mid-life crisis, who finds out that his wife is having an affair. Within this sequence, we find that Andy is convicted for the murder of both his wife and her lover, and that he is sentenced to undertake two life sentences at the Shawshank Redemption prison. It is important that the opening sequence involves a very somber tone. This effect is promoted with the use of both cinematic features and film techniques.

The mise en scene plays a vital part in creating effect to its audience as it refers to all that appears within the camera’s shot, including lighting, color, setting and camera movements. At the scene of the crime, we find that Andy’s face is hidden in shadow. This symbolizes his extreme anger, but also his inability to show emotion.

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Andy has been hiding from his true feelings his whole life and it is only whilst being within Shawshank that he learns to express his love for others. The non-diagetic music used helps create mood. The song, ‘If I Didn’t Care’ is played during the sequence. The slow rhythm and lagging voice of it’s composer, along with the deep, drawn out bass adds to the feeling that the crime scene is a place of great sadness. The establishing sequence uses the color blue to add meaning in the way that it expresses death and murder. Therefore, it shows how Andy’s anger and jealousy has led him to the point of wanting to kill. This creates a mysterious character to the audience, but also builds suspense, as the audience ask themselves, ‘will he or won’t he?’ The use of this flashback of the crime scene within the narrative structure of the sequence helps to produce a story and piece bits of the plot together. It also creates a definite juxtapose between itself and the courtroom from which Andy is given his sentence. This juxtaposition shows to the audience how Andy has been convicted of a crime he didn’t do. We also realize the juxtaposition between Andy and his wife making love, as we notice the difference in color of the two scenarios. The bright, red and yellow of the bedroom furniture, expressing passion, to the solemn blue of the background within the car, expressing the sheer depression of the character. The lighting used in the sequence shapes mood and develops Andy’s secretive character to the audience. Within the establishing sequence, we only witness natural light upon Andy’s face, which gives light shadowing, creating a flat image of the character.. The camera work within this sequence helps convey meaning and shapes character also. The low shot of the judge within the courtroom shows his power over Andy and highlights the extreme responsibility the judge has to change a man’s life completely. The various close-up shots of the gun and the whisky bottle symbolize the state of Andy’s life. His situation has lead him to depression, drinking, but most shamefully, the need for revenge. Voice over is used to build character and explain the events which lead to Andy’s conviction. The non-diagetic sounds used within the sequence help to enhance realism, for example the sound of the revolver bullets as they hit the ground. The realism makes the audience feel as if they were there, in the screen with Andy, and so builds much suspense. The cut shots to the courtroom provide a great sense of urgency and help build suspense until Andy is told the length of his sentence. When the judge dismisses the case and the hammer is struck upon the table, a reverberating, eerie sound is produced, followed by silence and a fade to black. This tells the audience that something has ended and in this case, it is the end of Andy’s normal, everyday life. A new life of institutionalism and discipline is to follow. The sequence ends as the screen suddenly fades to black, conveying the depressing, repetitive way of life to follow.

Both cinematic features and film techniques have been used in the opening sequence of the film to develop a character and bring effect upon its audience. The way in which characters are portrayed affects the film to a great extent. At the start of this film, Andy is shown to be a dis-passionate man who has lived in comfort. Throughout The Shawshank Redemption, it is his journey to express his emotions, build up his courage and withstand the ultimate battle between mind and authority in order to gain back the freedom took from him.

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Research Paper on Cesar Chavez

Cesar Chavez was born in Yuma, Arizona, in 1927. After his father's farm failed in Colorado, they couldn't keep up with it and money wasn't coming in, so his family moved as migrant laborers throughout the Southwest until they finally settled Brawley, California. He worked in Delano, California in his early years, and educated himself and married a girl there. In San Jose in 1952, he joined the Community Service Organization; it was a new social service group of Spanish-speaking people to help the needy with their social and economic issue. Eventually he became general director of the entire organization.

By the 1960s militant organizations and leaders emerged as the Brown: Power movement began. Cesar Chavez was among other leaders, such as Reyes Lopez Tijerina, and Rudolfo Gonzales. Cesar Chavez grew up as a migrant worker in central California and wanted to help the migrant workers of America. He decided that a labor union would be the answer because a labor union had power to strike, negotiate contracts, and provide many other benefits for the workers. He eventually formed the National Farm Workers Association which has become known as the United Farm Workers. His goal was to have the migrant workers join his union and the union would began to negotiate contracts that would greatly improve the working conditions of the migrant workers. He started this union in central California with Delano, California, being his base of operation.

In 1961, he tried to get the organization concerned with the plight of the farm worker, but he failed, however he resigned his position as director and devoted to helping farm workers. In the early 1960s he spent time to traveling among migrant workers and trying to lay the groundwork for their organization. In 1962, he founded the National Farm Workers Association. Its purpose was to unionize the farm workers and deal with their social and economic condition. He also dedicated to passive resistance like Martin Luther King, Jr. His first strike was against the rose growers of McFarland, California and it was successful. On September 16, 1965, his worker voted to support the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, which was a Filipino union, in their strike against the grape growers of the Delano area. It worked and now the workers wanted an increase in wages. This prolonged strike had the power of agricultural businesses such as Schenley and DiGiorgio Corporation.

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Recognized the farm workers could not make their own, so he asked help from a national boycott of table grapes. Mebers of the civil rights movement felt the need to help those all over with problem, not just black. During the course of the strike the Filipino union and the Mexican-American union joined forces and formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee with Chavez still the guiding light. Public sympathy for the plight of the farm workers continued to grow. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee and the Mexican-American union joined with Chavez as the leader. In December 1965, the labor leader Walter Reuther led a march down the main street of Delano with AFL-CIO and led a mearch down the main street of Delano. In March 1966, Chavez and his supporters promised a three hundred-mile pilgrimage to Sacramento under the theme of Pilgrimage, Penitence, and Revolution. More publicity was given to the movement. He was becoming a national figure. During 1968, Chavez fasted for twenty-five days and lost thirty-five pounds бзto the sin and suffering of the farm workersби. By 1968, twenty-six grape growers had signed a 3-year contract with the Chavez union, which called for the workers to be paid $2.05 an hour by 1972. The last years of the 1960s were trying ones for Chavez and his union members, but they had achieved victory and accomplished an historic first in the history of the Mexican-American worker. He had also achieved recognition for migrant laborers nationwide.

The problems still facing him and his union are immense. Some ten thousand workers are covered by the grape contract, but fewer than three thousand of them are unionized: Chavez can't coerce the rest into his union. There are also the problems of scab workers and the Teamsters Union. During the grape strike, Chavez came into conflict over jurisdictional disputes with the Teamsters. In the spring of 1971, Chavez and the Teamsters both signed an agreement that gave the UFWOC jurisdiction over the field workers and the Teamster jurisdiction over the food process workers. The problems between the two unions continue and it appears that the Teamsters have almost taken the side of management against the farm union. Chavez is now battling the lettuce industry. By 1973, he had only unionized 15 percent of the workers had unionized. He said it's difficult to establish a total objective about what percentage of his total objectives he had achieved, because they deal mostly with human needs. Today Chavez is looked upon as a saint or a devil.

A traveling theater initially visited Mexican-American communities throughout the Southwest and performed skits and sang songs about the movement. It began with the farm workers and spread out; there are now Chicano theaters throughout the Southwest, and they are the center of Mexican-American culture. El malcriado, the union newspaper, relates the feelings and thoughts of these peoples. These two offspring of the Chavez movement sprang somewhat from the inspiration of Chavez himself. Today Chavez is looked upon as a saint or a devil; there are few middle-of-the-road interpretations. But whether loved or hated, he inspired an organization among farm workers where no organization had existed before.

Cesar Chavez should not only be remember as a minority leader but also as a labor leader. He was able to form the union and they began a series of successful strikes against the grape growers of central California. Contract after contract began to be negotiated and the life of migrant workers in central California changed drastically. The goal of Chavez was to create a national migrant labor union, but he never achieved this goal before his death. He was a very devout Catholic and he did use non-violence protest in a very effective way with his strikes and labor union.

He moved from central California to the Imperial Valley where he met much resistance and then he attempted to take his union and movement into Arizona and beyond. Upon his death, numerous tributes appeared-streets, schools, freeways were named after him. These tributes were a testimony to the work of a very dedicated and successful militant Mexican American leader.

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Trisomy X Essay

Essay on Trisomy X

Normally all humans have 46 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Two of the 46 pairs code for the sex of the individual. Normally females are made of XX chromosomes, and males are made of XY chromosomes. In the case of someone who has X trisomy, their chromosomes are XXX, and therefore they do not have 46 pairs of chromosomes they have 47. Trisomy X is written 47, XXX for karyotypes. The three pairs of X chromosomes are a result of non-disjunction of sex cells during anaphase I or II of meiosis. This is a diagram illustrating how it is possible for a zygote to be fertilized with three X chromosomes. People with Trisomy X (XXX) can only be female because if the had a Y chromosome they would then be male and their condition would be called Keleinfelter’s syndrome.

Trisomy X is similar to Klienfelter’s (XXY) syndrome and Turners syndrome (X), which is why it is appropriate to credit the minds of Kleinfelter and Turner for the discovery of Trisomy X.

Triple X syndrome can also be called Kleinfelters syndrome with the substitution of an X, and it also can be called Turners syndrome with an addition of XX. The physians Kleinfelter and Turner made their discoveries and 1942 and 1937, respectively.[2] in 1942 Harry Kleinfelter alnog with Fuller Albright and thier co- workers at the Massachusettes general Hospital published their findings regarding nine men. these man had large breasts, little facial hair and inability to produce sperm. this syndrome was now known as Kleinfelters syndrome and was characterized by the XXY chromosomes. [8] Triple X Syndrome is a lot like Kleinfelter's syndrome chromosomally speaking because instad of the extra Y chromosome has another X. All this means is that the individual has to be female. Surprisingly enough the symptoms are nothing alike. Its name became Triple - X because Patricia Jacobs was studying the XXX syndrome in two women in Scotland. She found that instead of the regular 46 chromosomes in humans, there was an extra chromosome number 47, which resulted in having three X chromosomes instead of the regular two. She described this as 47, XXX. [2]

The triple X syndrome is aquired through non- disjunction. Non- disjunction is when the homologous chromosomes fail to separates during either Anaphase I or II of meiosis. This results in a sperm or egg containing two X chromosomes. When this for instance double X chromosomed egg fuses with the male sperm (containing only one X), during fertilization, a zygote with three X chromosomes is produced. This is better described in this diagram:

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Many genes are affected by whole chromosome mutations, the resulting phenotypes are usually called syndromes. Syndromes are characterized by the disruption of multiple organ systems. Since the genes on each chromosome code for proteins that perform completely unrelated functions in the body it is possible to affect the whole body by an addition or deletion of one chromosome. [4] In the case of Trisomy X the whole body is not affected because only one X chromosome is active in the female adult’s somatic cells. The inactivation of the other two chromosomes occurs about 16 days after fertilization. This is a completely random process. The two chromosomes that are inactivated are called the Barr body. Therefore Trosomy X females express genes from only one X chromosome. However due to the fact that X- inactivation is a random process, some females might end up with a skewed X- inactivation. For example, such a female might inactivate 50% of one X, 60% of another X, and 90% of another X. [4] This assembly may be what causes some of the few symptoms exhibited by Trpiple X individuals. (complete) No Trisomy X syndrome is not inherited because it cannot be passed on from one generation to the next. It is also not inherited because both parents who don’t have a trait for XXX syndrome could produce a child that has Trisomy X. The fact that the sex cells chromosomes split as a “fluke” per say. Triple X occurs sporatically and is not usually passed on from a triple X mother to her daughter.[6] Polygenic referrs to a mutation caused by more then one gene. This syndrome is polygenic because Triple X patients have a whole other chromosome containing between 2,000 and 5,000 genes. These individuals are also called polyploidy meaning they have more then the needed number of chromosomes. Triple X is not caused by a dominant/recessive type gene because this syndrome is not on a part of a chromosome that codes for a gene, it is the presence of a completely unneeded chromosome. The allele for one gene does not dominate over another to produce symptoms. Symptoms are produced when the deactivation of the X chromosomes occurs enevenly and leaves One factor that may affect whether the child has an extra chromosome is the age of the mother. As a woman grows older it becomes more probable that non-disjunction could occur in her egg cells.

Symptoms of Trisomy X are fairly un noticeable. Sometimes the only thing that actually appears different is the actual karyotype showing the chromosomes. In some cases mental retardation is possible in numerous cases the intelligence level of girls with Trisomy X tend to be slightly skewed and lower then average. In some cases certain physical abnormalities have been reported such as, a relatively small head. Vertical skin folds that cover the eye's inner corners have also been reported. these are called epicathnal folds. [3] At birth it is slightly more probable for the infant to be born underweight. The average birth weight of infants with trisomy X is slightly lower then that of a normal birth. [2] As children they may have delayed motoric development, delayed development of linguistics as well as delayed maturity. With Triple X it is relatively common to have learning difficulties, particularly language based, such as dislexia.

Girls with XXX Syndrome also have a tendency to be quieter and more introverted. With help and guidance Trisomy X children will be able to function just as any other child would. Girls with Trisomy X tend to be above average in height. They have a faster growth acceleration but only up until about the age of eight. Although these girls tend to be taller, their height to weight ratio often shows a lower then average weight. The development of their menstral cycle and secondary sex characteristics such as breasts occur normally. Their menstral cycle comes at approximately the age of 12 , which is normal. Although knowledge about fertility is limited, women generally are fertile and able to have children. [2] Triple X women are at increased risk of developing back problems, since their musculature is said to be weaker. Musculature in the back can be strengthened by simple exercise and participation in sports.

Since there doesnt really seem to be any relyable symptoms of this syndrome (that tend to consistantly appear), it is hard to relate these few symptoms to a change in DNA. Triple X syndrome is not characterized by a change in the genes on the DNA (eg. deletion), it is the presence of a completely unneeded chromosome with a full set of genes. This chromosome does not really affect the the way protiens are produced because in most cases it has been deactivated during the first few weeks after fetilixation. in the few cases where the extra chromosome did not get de activated, the presence of the extra chromosome only minorly affects the individual. In many cases the affect of the extra chromosome is only ever noticed when viewing the persons karyotype. An example of what happens when an extra chromosome causes a noticable syndrome is in the case of Down syndrome. Down syndrome is caused by he presence of three chromosome 21's. An extra copy of chromosome 21 leads to over-expression of Down Syndrome Critical Reigion 1 (DSCR1), found in the brain. An inhibitor prevents Calcineurin from removing the phosphate groups from the critical reigon of the brain. Phosphorolated NAFTC cant enter the nucleus to regulate specific genes for normal brain development.[7] Since the brain does not develop normally mental retardation occurs. Also the brain, immunosystem, heart and skeleton do not develop normally.When a cell does not accurately copy its DNA, or de-activates the wrong DNA on all three of the chromosomes, a different DNA sequence is likely to be produced. This results in a different protien bieng made, since the sequence of DNA codes for the production of potiens. If that protien is responsible for a vital part of human opperation, and it cannot function properly, disease may occur.

When a cell does not accurately copy its DNA, or de-activates the wrong DNA on all three of the chromosomes, a different DNA sequence is likely to be produced. This results in a different protien bieng made, since the sequence of DNA codes for the production of potiens. If that protien is responsible for a vital part of human opperation, and it cannot function properly, disease may occur.

Triple X is found in approximately 1 in 1,000 births.[2] Triple X births are always female, since the presence of a Y chromosome would mean the birth had Kleinfelter’s. In Canada with a population of approximately 30 million, about there is about a one in thirty thousand chance of being born with Trisomy X. That is a 0.001% chance of giving birth to a child with Trisomy X. There is a factor that may increase the probability that you child will be born with Trisomy X. The age of the mother affects whether their child will be born with Trisomy X because with age comes the increased chance that the homologous chromosomes or sister chromosomes will not separate during meiosis I and II in the making of her egg cell.

The treatment required for the disease vary with each individual case. In one of the worse case scenarios where the girl is born with mental retardation, she should receive regular psychological help as well as be placed in a special school situation that can cater to her learning needs. In a case where the girl is just a slower learner she could compensate with use of a tutor, or visits to an after school learning center. These places can teach her life long tools that will help her overcome her learning difficulties throughout her life. Theres no real medicinal treatment for the disease since the symptoms are few, and inconsistant between all the sufferers of Trisomy X.

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Research Paper on Edgar Allan Poe

Unlike many other American writers, Edgar Allan Poe had a tragic life from the moment he was born to the end he died.

His parents were traveling actors and both passed away before he was two. Edgar Allan Poe was adopted by a wealthy family in Richmond, Virginia, where he got his family name: Allan. This is his fortunate and unfortunate. On one hand, he met kind foster parents, who offered him well education and sufficient love. On the other hand, he could never adjust himself to the southern gentry because of both his lonely characteristic and his incomprehensible imagination talent.

Perhaps he was over-indulged by Mr. Allan, had no restraining influence in the early years, Perhaps his self-identity was so strong that he made himself wandering outside the society. Edgar Allan Poe seemed to be a loser in everything:

"When he was seventeen, he entered the University of Virginia. He stayed in the University only one year. In some studies he showed remarkable ability but he gambled and drank, and ran deeply into debt. Mr. Allan, his foster-father, refused to pay his gambling debts and took him from the University. He was placed in a counting room in Richmond, but finding the work most distasteful, he soon broke away and went to Boston."

"After a brief enlistment in the army, Poe accepted an appointment to West Point, which Allan had helped to arrange. Poe was discharged less than a year later."

"The next few years were spent in wandering from place to place and in attempting newspaper work."

There are two things that certainly contributed to his shameful experiences: gambling and drinking. These were common things in English gentleman at that time, but Poe was neither rich nor health enough. Instead, he lived in poverty all his life and died of drinking.

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Above all, Edgar Allan Poe was brilliant, clever, and imaginary. His story "Mr. Found in a Bottle" won the first prize in a contest. Poe brought his obsession with the irrational side of the mind into writing and created a new kind of poem that never appeared in America. His poem soon became popular. Poe's interest in the power of reason developed some tales of nightmare terror. He influenced many writers especially in France, and was respected as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. Poe also showed true talents as an editor and a literary critic.

Edgar Allan Poe had several happy years with Mrs. Maria Clemm and her daughter Virginia in Baltimore. He thrived in an atmosphere of love and later married Virginia at her age of 13.

"He seemed to have two personalities, one which he showed to those whom he loved, and one which he kept for the world. His best traits were brought out in his associations with these two beloved women of his household, for with them he was patient, chivalrous, and devoted."

"The last thirteen years of his life were years of opportunities wasted. He slipped back into his old habit of drinking and gambling and lost his hand in hand with him. Virginia developed tuberculosis and even though Mrs. Clemm kept boarders to help eke out an existence, things went from bad to worse. Virginia died in abject poverty warm. Poe was heart-broken. Two years later he, too, died."

"Like so much else about the man, many of the circumstances surrounding his death remain a mystery. He had traveled to Richmond to make arrangement for his marriage to a widow, Mrs. A. B. Shelton. On the return trip to New York, he stopped in Baltimore to visit some friends. A common theory is that, arriving in the city on election day, he fell into the hand of political hoodlums who got him drunk and him as voter in dishonest election practices. Whatever had occurred, on October 3 Poe was found in a tavern in a drunken and desperately ill condition. He died four days later.

"Tate says,"Poe is not interested in anything that is alive. Everything is Poe is dead: the houses, the rooms, the furniture".

"His theme was frequently death and a gloom and melancholy overshadow all his poems, but nevertheless his verse is of great beauty. He stands alone in the characteristics of his writings. Other poets reflected their environment, their inheritance, the social tendencies of the hour, and the spirit of the times, himself. They should be read not to be read not to be wholly understood for that is impossible, but for the beauty they express and the melodious tones of their lines. England considers him our greatest poet.

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Essay on NGO

In the intervening months since our last meeting, several developments have taken place concerning the public reception of NGO and their relationship with government, international organizations and business.

Following increased security concerns and a feeling of vulnerability in the US to terrorist disruption, it has become extremely unpopular to tolerate excessive demonstrations by violent anti-capitalist/anti-globalization NGOs. This is not to say that demonstrations are prohibited or that they do not take place. It is the tolerance level for "noise" and violence that has diminished. Such demonstrations are not taken seriously and there is a decided reluctance everywhere to accept violence anymore.

ICC has continued in every possible venue to advocate responsibility, accountability and transparency in NGO activities and public behaviour. We have seen some positive results beginning to permeate international events.

For instance in Johannesburg there was definitely a general reaction of dismissal for exaggerated NGO behaviour, whereas responsible business representatives very much took over "visibility" and the outcome.

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But there has also been at the same time a proactive approach by business to assess, individually and selectively, those NGOs with which they were entering into discussion and even partnership projects.

Although occasionally there are some "lapses" in this respect, the overall impact in Johannesburg was extremely positive. For instance, ICC was responsible for putting together a "Virtual Exhibition" which ended up being one of the most important aspects of the Summit. Many NGOs took part in a responsible and cooperative manner. Please see attached.

The problems involved for international organizations to "differentiate" among NGOs, if at all possible, has been brought to their attention continuously by myself and colleagues throughout the year. It has resulted in several new d?arches as noted below.

Increasingly there is a categorization that I hear more and more in international organizations, separating business, trade unions, NGOs, civil society. In fact, for an upcoming summit (WSIS) there was an entire official discussion devoted to differentiating of civil society and "NGOs". Several governments were somewhat sceptical about the way NGOs self-categorize their activities as pertinent to the Summit.

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Essay on Cell Phone Madness

Cellular phone use is out of control. Everyone has been to a meeting, a school, a wedding, or maybe even a funeral and heard a cell phone ring. How rude! Doesn’t anyone realize that there are power buttons to those things? Everyone sees people yakking on their cell phones while driving, shopping, and even eating,. Anyone would think that people knew nothing of cell phone manners. Doesn’t anyone realize there are such things as appropriate, private, and safe cell phone use?

There are appropriate places to use cellular phones in our lives. People have family emergencies and need a cell phone to contact people or have people contact them. Some people have work cell phones because their jobs require them. For example, doctors, physicians assistants, electric company workers, or anyone that might have to be on call. Sometimes a doctor needs to be called in the middle of the night because of an emergency and he would have a cell phone so he could be contacted no matter where he would be.

However, people tend to use their cell phones in the most inappropriate places. Some treat their cell phones as a toy. While in a meeting, at class, in church, or at a wedding, people should turn their phones off or at least on vibrate. It is very rude to be giving a speech or trying to be paying attention and be interrupted by the tune of a cell phone ringing. People need to respect each other. If Sammy is talking to Cal in the hallway and her cell phones rings, she starts talking to who another friend on the phone and forgets she was holding a conversation with Cal. How Rude!

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Not only are cell phones being used inappropriately, but people are also disregarding privacy issues. Not everyone needs to know everyone’s business, who everyone is friends with, or what their plans are for the upcoming weekend. Someone on the phone does not need to speak so loud that everyone hears. Nobody really cares if Sara’s best friend is going to wear her red shirt Friday instead of Saturday. People also just love it when they are trying to study or pay attention when the ring of ‘Ode to Joy ‘or ’William Tell Overture’ on someone’s cell phone interrupts them.

Many people not only disregard privacy issues when using a cell phone, but they also disregard safety. While driving down the road someone might receive an important call on his or her cell phone, but one shouldn’t answer the phone and continue driving. The saying goes ‘don’t drink and drive’ and it should also be ‘don’t talk and drive’. A person that receives a phone call while driving should pull over and take the call and then continue driving. If the call is not that important, it can be returned later. Talking on a cell phone while driving down the road takes concentration away from the road, and directs it towards the person on the other end of the phone.

Although some just don’t understand there is a problem, it doesn’t mean that it is not there. Not only is it a safety concern while driving, it can also be one while walking. For instance, people talking on a cell phone in the middle of the hall don’t realize they are in everybody else’s way because they are too busy gabbing on the phone.

People should take into consideration what others think and realize that others can hear them and watch them while they are on cell phones. Cell phones are very popular but are not always used in the right ways. They were originally meant to be a phone for emergency use, not toys, and there use has gotten way out of hand in the last few years.

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Dissertation on Globalization

GLOBALIZATION is a term used to describe many effects that occur due to a rapidly changing world and the development of multi-national markets and communication, media technologies and other systems of production and consumption. As a result of this, a new culture has emerged, the GLOBAL culture. Values taken from this culture are not those of a moralistic nature, but more of a commercial: Production skills, efficiency and progress are the values upheld by this culture. GLOBALIZATION looks out for the GLOBAL community, and often the individual is disregarded and forgotten as a result of this. It affects individual's lives and LOCAL communities economically and culturally, and its effects can be seen from two different viewpoints: Positively- Where focus is on the features of a changing world in which access benefits LOCAL communities through prosperity, health, freedom and communication. OR Negatively: Where it is seen as a form of domination of 1st world countries over 3rd world countries or LOCAL communities and where individual distinctions of culture and society are erased by the homogenizing of this GLOBAL culture.

The LOCAL is a distinct community sharing certain values and beliefs often passed on from generation to generation so tradition is kept alive.

Both the ideas of the GLOBAL and the LOCAL are represented in all three set texts: The Castle, The Shipping news and Seamus Heaney's poetry, in particular "Funeral Rites", "Digging" and Tollund Man". They are also represented in the novel text "Fight Club" by Chuck Palahniuk, and the short story texts "Where the stars are lit by neon", "Ice Breaker" and "Are we there yet Dad" from "Places in the Heart" compiled by Susan Kurosawa.

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Each of these texts deals with the notion of GLOBALIZATION and the retreat from it into the LOCAL.

The movie "The Castle" conveys a strong notion of retreat from the global, and on the whole places the values of the LOCAL in higher esteem than those of the GLOBAL. It is not however, completely biased as benefits of the GLOBAL are also dealt with and the LOCAL community is often subtlely and gently ridiculed and shown to be naive as a result of isolation.

The Kerrigan family co-exists with the influences of GLOBALIZATION quite harmoniously in the beginning of this movie. The GLOBAL and LOCAL are in a balanced state, neither imposing on the other. The Kerrigans are able to enjoy the benefits of GLOBALIZATION: ease of communication, transport and advanced technology, whilst still retaining the values and benefits of the LOCAL: Love for family and community, support from family and community, value of the individual and appreciation for the simple things in life.

It is not until the GLOBAL begins to impose on the LOCAL and threaten its very existence that a problem arises. The Kerrigans have to fight to retain their part of the world. To save the LOCAL from being consumed by the GLOBAL. Here the GLOBAL is represented by a multi-national airline company "Airlink" run by the "Barlow Group", a group of extremely wealthy businessmen. This airline threatens to demolish the Kerrigan's house, and in doing so their home, their memories and their community. The Kerrigan's value their home, and everything about it from the "fake chimney" to the doghouse built on lead filled soil. They fight for this, but cannot do so without outside help which appears in the form of Laurie, a retired СQC lawyer". This is another example of where the product of GLOBALIZATION has worked with the LOCAL to produce a beneficial outcome. Laurie, while being a product of the GLOBAL, still values the individual and therefore, Laurie himself is a balance of GLOBAL and LOCAL. The overall tone of this movie seems to imply a triumph of the LOCAL over the GLOBAL, but effectively, the result is to restore the balance between the two. The movie is not so much about escape, but conservation.

Annie Proux's "The Shipping News" also deals with these issues, but takes a different viewpoint. She still portrays a need for balance between the GLOBAL and the LOCAL, but these two entities are presented in a much more realistic and complex manner. Rather than presenting the fairy tale and stereotypical style LOCAL as is seen in "The Castle" where all the values and beliefs of the LOCAL are good, healthy and promote a happy lifestyle, Proux's idea of the LOCAL presents us with the reality of living in an isolated community complete with its own faults, quirks and history that has been preserved and past down from generation to generation. The occupants of Newfoundland are forced to face their past, as they have nowhere to run from it as is easily achieved in the GLOBAL village. Quoyle has spent his entire life running from his past and problems. Lost in a fast changing world that has no time for self-discovery and no regard for the individual except as a commodity, Quoyle is abused, ignored and used by those around him, in particular, Quoyle's wife Petal Bear. Her name alone sums her up: beautiful, petit and a ruthless animal. She is a powerful symbol of the GLOBAL world. Beautiful, sexy and desirable on the surface, but rotten underneath. She treats Quoyle with contempt and finds his "damp loaf of a body" disgusting. She seems horrifying to us as she seems to have no morals at all. She even sells her own children to sexual slavery. Her lack of morals cause her to seem inhuman. Quoyle however is completely infatuated with Petal and is distraught when she is killed in an horrific car accident. His aunt Agnis advises that he return to his roots by going back to Newfoundland.

You've got a chance to start out all over again. A new place, new people, new sights. A clean slate. See, you can be anything you want with a fresh start." Proux's characters are complex, and therefore carry their own problems and dark secrets as well as their fond memories and good values. Issues of sexual assault and domestic violence were rife in the small isolated community of Newoundland, and the scars these subtle atrocities inflicted remain on the people. It is these problems which are so easily buried in the GLOBAL world, but must be faced when brought into the close, confronting and intimate LOCAL life.

Quoyle tries to distance himself from his past, the truth and absolutions. He tries not to face situations and protect those he loves from facing them too, in fear of causing them pain. He explains death as a kind of sleep to his children, taking away the harsh reality of it. Also, he has a habit of headlining his situation.

Stupid man does wrong thing again.

Which is possibly Quoyle's way of detaching himself from the situation. Proux explains this by saying,

"For many people - for me certainly - the life of the mind, the realm of the imagination, is more brilliant and compelling than the world we live in. If you have nothing and no place in the world, the imagination is an engine of incredible power, both to lift you out of where you are and to impel you into another reality."

In Newfoundland, Quoyle has the opportunity and time to find himself, his positive qualities and his place in the world. The GLOBAL world could not afford Quoyle this time.

In "The Shipping News", the GLOBAL world ultimately fails due to lack of understanding. It tries to assist the small town of Newfoundland by setting up factories and industries there to provide jobs and income, but lack of understanding of the environment, the people and the needs of this place caused these attempts to fail. A particular blow was the introduction of commercial fishing in the area that hijacked the people's jobs, lifestyle and income.

In Seamus Heaney's poems, an entirely different viewpoint of GLOBAL and LOCAL is given. The LOCAL is seen more as a refuge, a place of reflection and inspiration. A muse for life. It is truly a retreat from the harsh world of the global. A place to find your own identity through the land, your countries history and your family history. A strong sense of place and belonging is set up in his poetry, which is strongly linked to his constant reference to the earth and land.

In "Funeral Rites" Heaney makes a comment about the comfort taken in retreating to the rituals and regularities of the LOCAL,

"Now as news comes in of each neighbourly murder we pine for ceremony, customary rhythms."

Time is taken to savour events and address them head on, then lay them to rest. Ritual is a way of dealing with the intangible, resorting to certainty to understand and comprehend.

In "Digging" , the retreat Heaney takes is into his past. Finding meaning, purpose and inspiration in his forefathers and their work. The main focus here is the connection to the land. All his forefather's work involved the land, their lives revolved around it, it was their livelihood. Heaney, although noting that he cannot literally follow them in their profession by carrying on their work physically, but he can retain the essence of it through his writing.

"I've no spade to follow men like them Between my finger and thumb the squat pen rests. I ll dig with it. He ll carry on the exploration and discovery that is connected with digging, and use it as inspiration. He'll use the monetary gains from it to make his way in the world just as successfully as they did. He must however, go back to his roots before he can take on the GLOBAL aspect of the world.

The Tollund Man , although based around a subject, which is not LOCAL to Heaney, also carries with it a sense of retreat from the GLOBAL. However, this retreat is more into his imagination rather than his past.

The most unusual thing about the Tollund Man would be that Heaney does not create a sense of understanding and empathy until the last three stanzas. These show Heaney feels the Tollund man's "sadness", and a distinct link with retreat and isolation.
СOut there in the Jutland In the old man-killing parishes I will feel lost, Unhappy and at home.

Heaney finishes the poem with a paradox (lost and at home), stating that he empathises with the Tollund man by relating to him through his homeland. Another important note on retreat in "The Tollund Man" is the first line, "Someday I will go to Aarhus."

In this line Heaney reveals a detached what if?", a dreamy imagination, which creates a sense of escaping from the GLOBAL into his imagination and poetry.

"Fight Club" is distinctly anti-GLOBAL, and conveys the idea of salvation in total retreat. To give up everything to gain anything. "First you have to hit rock bottom". When every purpose in your life becomes to better yourself in the eyes of the GLOBAL world, you have to give everything up from it and start again. When culture, doesn t matter which one, becomes a fascinating commodity, "hand-blown green glass dishes with the tiny bubbles and imperfections, little bits of sand, proof they were crafted by the honest, simple, hard-working indigenous aboriginal peoples of wherever.

You're trapped in your lovely nest, and the things you used to own, now they own you.

Tyler Durden, one of the main characters who is actually a projection of the narrators subconscious mind, basically sets up an army with which to bring down major corporations and return everyone back to starting point. The idea is to retreat to the basics to remove all the unnecessary layers forced upon you by the GLOBAL world which cause you to be trapped.

Places in the heart is a compilation which doesn t demonise the GLOBAL so much, but celebrates the LOCAL and the refuge it supplies when the GLOBAL is too overwhelming. It is about memories, places and events that certain authors retreat into for inspiration and relaxation. In Where the stars are lit by neon" Graeme Blundell writes about Kings Cross, a place largely influenced by the GLOBAL world, but as a result of this, allows a complete retreat into the imagination due to the anonymity of the city. Сyou enter a world where you can reinvent yourself in the casual act of hanging around. In such a big place you can find something in everybody that you can relate to. A piece of the LOCAL everywhere that you can retreat into. I loved the idea of layer upon layer of humanity living and loving and suffering, exulting or dying in the great ant-heap of its brick and concrete.

In Ice breaker , Tim Bowden talks of his love for the Antarctica. Hardly LOCAL it seems at first, but his entire childhood in Tasmania was filled with his fascination with the place, combined with his own father's enthusiasm for it. Going there Сwas like coming home and fulfilling all my dreams. "You are so isolated there and confronted with yourself alone for company that the troubles of the outside world canТt touch you.

Paul Dyer also tells of how he retreats from the GLOBAL world into memories of his childhood which are brought back by the old beach-house his family used to own and holiday in. An escape from his busy life as a musician, he sometimes visits the house to stay and reflect on carefree days. It seems like the rest of Sydney is so far away when you're there, like it belongs to another world in another time that you don't have to deal with. An escape from responsibility and reality.
All these texts that I have discussed deal with the concept of GLOBALISATION and the retreat from the global, although from different perspectives. Whether positive or negative they convey their message strongly and with complexity but with clarity.

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