Essay on Conjointed Twins

For many parents around the globe, having children is the most exciting and happy time in their lives. The anticipation, preparation, and anxiety over having a child, however, can be overbearing. Every ultrasound and test they run sends parents into panic attacks. What if your baby has Down syndrome? What about crippledness, undeveloped fetus’s or spina bifida? A whole slew of other worries can pop up when an ultrasound reveals you are having twins.

Underdevelopment, miscarriages, and a large pregnancy are the most common occurrences during a twin birth. However in the back of all parents mind is that scary thought, What if my children are crippled, or even worse, conjoined? When parents fear this they don’t even scratch the surface of what conjoined twins are really about. At first I hardly knew anything about them either. I, like everyone else judged him or her at face value. I knew that they were simply twins that were attached to each other at some point of the body. I knew from reading articles in the past that they were considered freaks and traveled in circuses. I knew that most of all the live conjoined twins did not live long lives, nor happy ones. I always assumed that they were almost impossible to separate, and that they were always of the same sex. Also, from a young age like my friends I believed most if not all conjoined twins were joined at the hip, though I now know better. As you can see, going into this topic I knew next to nothing and coming out, I know that I have learned so much and know the full extent as to the who, what, where, when, and how of conjoined twins. Coming into this paper, I had so many questions that I wanted to be answered. I wanted to find out and share with others the common types of conjoined twins, and how many classifications there are. I wanted to discover how the term Siamese twins came about, and if it was named after a certain famous set of conjoined twins. I wanted to acquire not just that set of twins, but all other famous conjoined twins in history. I was interested in the advances we’ve made in separation of twins, what it’s all about, how far we can trace it back, and the ethical issues surrounding separation. I was also very interested in the history of conjoinment. This includes a large range of questions including; their age expectancy, what type of jobs they could achieve, their social status, and what other options were open to them. I wanted to take a glimpse into the future and see what kind of medical break-throughs doctors are planning for preventing conjoined twins, and for separation. My brain was bursting of questions that I was more excited about answering as time went on. Iset out to gain my new knowledge.

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In this day and age there are so many ways to get information on any given topic. The Internet is loaded with facts and knowledge about anything imaginable. For my search, I set out in the library for printed materials. Though I only found only one book, it was loaded with material. However, where I really lucked out was the Internet. There was website upon website bursting at the seams with information. I also caught a documentary on 20/20 about a family birthing conjoined twins, and then having them separated. I took all three of my sources and laid them out in separate piles of what relates to what. With all my information out and ready, I only then started to delve into the mountain of information I had collected.

I was excited to find that mostly all the questions I had set out to answer were answered. The first thing I set out to learn was the history behind the term Siamese twins. I found out that the term came about from the conjoined twins in Siam, now Thailand, who was very successful and lived to an old age. Chang and Eng Bunker were just one of the famous sets I found. The others I uncovered are as follows:

Radica and Doodica ~ These were the twin girl born in India joined at the chest. Their town thought them an evil omen from the gods and locked the whole family in jail until they came to their senses. The girls were later separated due to disease yet they both died within two years of that.

Violet and Daisy Hilton ~ These two unfortunate girls were raised by a cruel midwife and forced to perform at a young age. At age 23 they gained their independence, though continued performing, even starring in two movies.

Francis and Jacques ~ These were a rare case of parasitic twins. This is a term used when one of the conjoined fetuses develops, but the other doesn’t. This leaves the grown twin with an unformed fetus attached to it.

Though these are only a few cases I came across in my research, others including the Biddendid maids and Lori and Dori Schaller. I think each case represents many others and what happened to them. Another question answered was the common joining points. Contrary to what I believed, only about 5% are joined at the hip, like people assume they are. There are dozens more that can be funneled down into seven main types. As you can see, each term ands with the suffix “pagus” which means the point at which it is fixed. Twins are defined by the point at which they are joined.

• Cephalopagus: this is a very rare and sad case when the twins share a head and sometimes a torso. There is only one brain and a face on either side of the head. They also may share a heart. Obviously these twins can not be separated and do not live very long.


• Parapagus: this is the term used for when the bodies are one up until the chest area where it branches of into two separate heads. They usually each have their own spinal cord. This accounts for 5% of all conjoined twins.


• Thoracopagus: this is the most common form of conjoined twins whish accounts for 35% total. This is when a thick band of cartilage at the chest combines the twins.


• Pygopagus: this accounts for 19% of all conjoined twins. This case involves attachment at the rump, sometimes fusing the two twins’ lower spines.


• Omphalopagus: 30% of all twins. This occurs when the twins’ torsos are combined; yet they each have there own two legs.


• Ischopagus: This is a sad case where the twins are attached at the groin, or lower half of the torso, with their legs sticking out to the side. Accounts for 5% of all twins.


• Craniopagus: this occurs when the twins are fused at the back of the head. This does not involve the brain, though the skulls are usually fused. This accounts for 2% of all conjoined twins.

In the past, conjoined twins were considered freaks and evil spirits. They could only get jobs at the circus as a freak, or performing musically. A person actually thought that they symbolized the end of the world was near. They were usually isolated to themselves, though nothing prevents them from getting married. In fact Chang and Eng Bunker, each married and between them had 22 children. However being attached to one person at all times can be trying. Almost all conjoined twins need psychiatric help. Sometimes their hate for each other grows so strong they say they’d rather die in operation than live with their twin. They usually develop drinking problems, and depression. However, some twins follow the opposite route. They actually demand not to be separated because their bond is so intense. However you can not just separate twins voluntarily. If they share a heart, brain, spine, large intestine, or pelvic bone, they can not be separated. It is also hard to separate twins with conjoined nervous systems. They eat sleep and get sick at the same time and would be paralyzed if separated. There are many ethical issues surrounding separation. However, both the twins and doctors feel is equal if not less to how the parents feel. Some parents refuse t separate for many reasons. One is that you usually sacrifice one for the other during surgery, and the parents consider that murder. However, if it is best for the family and children, a judge will step in and order separation, which reminds me of Jehovah’s witnesses, who refuse to do some things even if it benefits the children. However there have been some very modern surgeries, led mainly by Dr. Ben Carson. One of which was performed in Germany on twin girls fused at the head. The Doctor drained the blood from both bodies and basically stopped their life and separated them, then pumping the blood back in. Luckily, there have been no found cases of conjoined triplets, or higher multiple births.

However what people don’t understand is that even though they are attached, their personalities, academics, athletic ability, and talents are entirely unique.

Nevertheless all these facts about conjoined twins do not apply to the ones who don’t make it. Conjoined twins occur once in every 200,000 live births. However of this number, 75% are either stillborn or die within 24 hours. Out of this small percentage, about 1 or 2% actually make it past their 10th birthday still conjoined. Usually the sad part of being attached is if one twin is sick or hurt, you share their pain. If one dies, the other will follow usually within the next 72 hours if they are conjoined. These twins are always the same sex, race, and obviously age. At this point and time, I could find nothing on future breakthroughs in separations or prevention. However all my other questions were fully answered.

A baby, no matter what size, shape, or color is a gift. I hope that through this paper people will no longer judge Siamese twins for their face value, but look inside to find out how they feel. This paper has brought me a lot of new knowledge, which I need and enjoy due to my desire to be a pediatrician, and perhaps major in maternity and become an O.B.G.Y.N. Also, this paper has really opened my eyes for the fact that someone in my neighborhood when I was five thought she was pregnant with conjoined twins. (I later learned it was a false alarm) When I learned this I ran screaming, afraid of the “freaky babies”. Though my mother tried to explain to me, I had never learned anything about this condition, and so I judged this lady based on outward appearance and the stereotypical “Siamese twins”. I hope this paper is a real eye opener to all that don’t know about this subject and would like to. So whether someone’ s babies come together or separate, they are each still their own special person.

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Essay on Contraceptive Pills

Contraceptive pills are extremely useful in controlling birth rates. The world’s population has recently reached 5.3 billion. Although the resources that we have can still support more that 5.3 billion, but this population rate is increasing tremendously. If we do not stop this growth, the world will eventually be overpopulated. Out of these 5.3 billion people, China and India had about 2.8 billion. This shows that these two countries had almost 50 percent of the world’s population. Therefore, it is critical to control the birth rates over these two countries. In China, the government had implemented a one child per family policy. This means that every family can only give birth to one child. With the help of contraceptive pills, they can achieve this one child policy easy. By obeying this policy, the Chinese families will be entitled to many benefits. The child can pursue education at a lower cost and buying of houses will be cheaper. Also, contraceptive pills give them the usual sex activities after one child is born. With the help of the government and contraceptive pills, China has finally reached a stable and controllable growing population.

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Although birth control and prevention of unintended pregnancies were the main reasons to approve usage of contraceptive pills, contraceptive pills also brought in a lot of other benefits. As I have gathered information from the Internet, contraceptive pills helps to reduce incidence of benign ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian cancer. Other than that, contraceptive pills can actually control the period. Statistics have shown that users of contraceptive pills have more regular and lighter periods. Surprisingly, contraceptive pills can also help to improve skin problems such as acnes. With so many benefits that contraceptive pills have brought to us, I personally feels that it is not wrong to take this medicine. Another piece of information that I have gather was that the use of contraceptive pills does not decrease a woman’s chance of getting pregnant once she has stopped them. That means that the usage of contraceptive pills does not affect women from getting pregnant again.

The invention of contraceptive pills have been globally accepted and proven to be effective. It does not only prevent unintended pregnancies, it has also help many developing countries to grow. With the help of contraceptive pills, unwanted pregnancies has drop. The abortion rate has also decreased. This pill has not only brought joy to families, it has also brought population stability to the world.

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Community Health Promotion Essay

Essay on Community Health Promotion

The development of a program takes much time and dedication. However, much deliberation goes into the process as well. Chapter four of Community Health Promotion Ideas That Work holds three major themes that touch upon the importance of organization, consideration and reflection.

A major obstacle to starting a program is determining what specific behavioral change is desired. How exactly does a group of people with conflicting ideas decide what problem to address and how? Kreuter, Lezin, Krueter, and Green (2003) list seven steps to determine the targets of change for program development. The steps include identifying various risk factors, determining their importance in affecting a specific behavior and establishing their degrees of changeability (whether or not the specific behavior can be easily changed or not). Creating a two-by-two matrix, which will show which risk factors the group deemed the most significant and holds greater chances for change. The foundation on which the program will be grounded will be constructed with these risk factors. The last step is then to create objectives, specific measurable goals, for the program to attain.

The Precede-Proceed Model is used to identify the causes of the risk factors. Why does the target group engage in such behaviors? The model identifies three types of factors that influence behavior. Predisposing factors entails knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values and perception. Reinforcing factors are interpersonal actions that reward or support a given behavior. Lastly, enabling factors are those that enable an action to be taken (how the environment allows or prohibits a specific behavior), (p 96).

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Lastly, the importance of evaluation is discussed. Evaluation is essential because it allows the program participants, staff, and interested groups to critique the program’s progress. Kreuter et al. emphasize that solid data is integral to a noteworthy evaluation. The sentiments of community members claiming the program “made a difference” is wonderful; having support from the community is always a plus. However, having statistical information that show positive changes among the targets population will hold much more significance to those who ultimately decide to continue or abort the program, the administrators, shareholders, and community leaders.

The context of chapter four is important in program development because it provides steps on how to establish the backbone of the program. What will the program be based on? How does one decide what behavior to change? What do objectives entail? Chapter four answers all those questions by allowing risk factors to be prioritized and organized to create a foundation for the program. Furthermore, the chapter stresses the importance of keeping documentation and providing evidence for evaluation. The concept of evaluation should be integrated in all aspects of the program to ensure staff, participant and administrative satisfaction throughout its implementation.

In this chapter there is only one main issue or problem that was tackled by a group of concerned individuals. The problem was the high number of underage drinking and drug abuse in a particular community. The area in which this issue was encountered and of concern to all was a community called Whitehall. One of the main concerns was that youth aged 16-18 reported that they drink and drive and there was a lack of law enforcement. These young people could illegally obtain alcohol or cigarettes and therefore, put not only their life in danger but everyone else’s. A group of parents who called themselves Villagers Who Care were the first to take action on the problem. They soon joined forces with Whitehall YMCA, the YWCA, the PTA and the local cooperative extension office. The name was therefore changed to Our Kids Count Coalition. To put an end to the problem, that was affecting the entire community, the Our Kids Coalition put together a workshop in which many important figures attended to contribute and helped find a solution. Rachel Warren the leader and coordinator of Villagers Who Care was present in the workshop, there was also a health educator Dick Loman and a Mayor Carl Crawford and many volunteers.

During the workshop the idea of a grant application came up and the Whitehall school board joined the coalition. This grant was the instrument needed to try to solve the problem. The coalition worked on developing an application where no important information was left out. They included a clear case where they showed the many ways in which substance abuse compromised the quality of life of Whitehall. For example, school dropouts, absenteeism, crime, vehicular injuries and death (p.83). In order for the application to be accepted by the Centre for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), the coalition needed to develop a program that helped them untangle the problem and analyze it from different perspectives to be able to find a way to solve it. First the group established the overall program objective: “By the year 2000, as a result of coordinated prevention program, reduce fatal injuries among those aged 13-24 caused by motor vehicle crashes in the community to mo more than 17 per 100,000 population. (The current local rate is 33 per 100,000)”(p.88). To achieve this objective there were a few steps the group had to follow.

The first step was to list the risk factors of the potential behavioral and environmental factors known to be risk factors for vehicle injuries, and that may affect or explain why the young people in the community drinks and drives. Then differentiate between behavioral and environmental factors. Step three was to shorten the list to make sure to pay attention to the factors that would only help to achieve the program objective. The next step was to determine factor importance and step five was to determine changeability. Since the coalition was dealing with youth, they had a greater opportunity to try to change them because the behavior was in its early developmental stage. In the sixth step the group created a matrix where they isolated the factors that were more changeable and more important. Two of these factors were drinking and driving and sales to minors. For each of these factors the group stated a measurable objective that incorporates the essential elements of the following question: Who will do how much of what by when? Two objectives are, Drinking and diving; by September 2000, we will reduce by 50% the number of youth aged 16 to 18 who report that they drink and drive. And the other objective, sales to minors; by June 1998, local government authorities will implement and actively support a policy calling for full enforcement of laws prohibiting sales of alcohol to minors.

After following these steps the group developed an evaluation plan for the program following another set of steps and putting the program into practice. With the grant that the Our Kids Coalition received from CSAP of $1.3 million the coalition was able to increase enforcement of existing laws and therefore reduce sales to minors and reduce the number of underage drinking and driving by identifying and working with the causes. The causes were worked on by using predisposing factors, reinforcing factors, and interpersonal actions. The group worked on the program for a long time until they were sure it would work and make a difference in the Whitehall community. Thanks to all the effort put in by the community members and the effective organization and implementation of the program, the community will soon see the results they want.

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Collaboration in Practice Essay

Essay on Collaboration in Practice

In the past, nurses provided care and comfort as they carried out specific nursing functions, but changes in nursing have expanded the roles of nurses to include health promotion, illness prevention, and concern for the client as a whole. The evolving nature of the health care industry have changed the scope of nursing practice from assisting the physician and providing primary nursing care to collaborating with other professionals in different disciplines in the healthcare field. The American Nursing Association (1992) described collaboration as “a collegial working relationship with another health care provider in the provision of patient care”. Although the physician is usually considered the head of the health care team, the nurse serves an important role in coordinating the efforts of all team members in meeting the client’s goals. As a collaborator in the clinical setting, the nurse is continually involved in promoting communication among all people affected by the patient’s need. Nurses are involved in team conferences or interdisciplinary meetings with members of the health care team to discuss patients’ cases and set specific goals geared towards rehabilitating the patients to their pre-admission health status or better functional level.

Members of the collaborative or multidisciplinary team include the Physical therapists, Physicians, Social workers, Occupational therapists, Discharge planner, Pastoral worker, Case worker and patients’ families. Each member of the collaborative team is fully aware of his or her roles by contributing their unique expertise information regarding the optimal patient’s health. The involvement of the collaborative team is utilized in all health care settings. Collaborative care is provided in the inpatient hospital settings where the medical team strives to treat the sick patients. Other settings where collaborative care is required include; Home health care setting, Clinics, Long Term Care Facilities and Public Health Services. The nurse plays the role of coordinating information about the patient while maximizing effective communication skills between each member of the collaborative team.

An important benefit of the collaborative team includes providing the patient with first class information so that the patient can make informed decision about his overall health care. Blais et. al (2002) confirmed that when patients are empowered to participate actively and professionals share mutually set goals with clients, everyone including the organization and health care system ultimately benefits. When quality improves, adherence to therapeutic regimens increases, lengths of stay decrease, and overall costs to the system decline. Improved communication between members of the health care profession fosters a supportive work environment where members work together to establish priorities of the patient health care and collaborate to achieve a common set of patient goals. It is important to state the goals in clear concise manner that can be understood and measured by all health care team members. After determining the goals, the nurse coordinates the team effort to develop strategies to accomplish them The collaborative team joins the nurse to determine appropriate nursing diagnosis based on the nurses’ holistic assessment of the patient. Carpenito (1991) defined the nursing diagnosis as “ a clinical judgment about an individual, family, or community response to actual or potential health problems /life process, such as aging or death. A nursing diagnosis is the summary statement or judgment made by the nurse upon interpreting the data gathered in the nursing assessment. The nurse’s diagnosis serves as a guide for planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating nursing care. The nursing diagnosis is also a label that communicates the nature of a patient’s existing or potential problems that the nurse, through the implementation of nursing interventions can solve. The evaluation nursing process is the last process where patient health problems are reviewed to determine if the goals are achieved.

CASE STUDY
Mrs. G. passed out on the floor. The last she can remember was that she developed shortness of breath as she attempted to climb the staircase leading to her bedroom in her house. Nursing assessment at the Hospital ER revealed that Mrs. G. was bleeding profusely. She had altered level of consciousness therefore; she could not answer any admission question. The ER physician assessed her and ordered IV fluid for hydration, MRI and CT scan of the head was performed .The Radiologist discussed with the physician to confirm that Mrs. just had a stroke. The laboratory results revealed abnormal levels of her cardiac panels, clotting factors and electrolytes. She was admitted to the ICU where the ICU charger nurse and medical team consisting of the Physician, Respiratory therapist, Neurologist, radiologist and patient’s family to determine that she was stabilized and can be transferred to med-surgical floor. During her three weeks stay at the med-surgical floor, the Physical therapist assisted her to learn how to ambulate and perform active range of motion to exercise her wasted leg muscles. The Occupational therapy assisted her to perform activities of daily living (ADL) with minimal assistance. The Speech Therapist spent quality time with Mrs. to help her identify and use words correctly. The Speech therapist worked together with the Dietitian and Nurses to determine the best diet for her, which consisted of pureed diet. The nurses had to maintain Dysphasia Protocol to prevent aspiration and relapse into respiratory problems. Meanwhile, the respiratory therapist was coordinating with the nurses to wean her off oxygen therapy. The Primary Physician and Neurologist collaborated with nursing staff to adjust the patient’s medications. To effectively collaborate with other members of the health care; the nurse manager coordinated the multidisciplinary meeting that was held every week to monitor patient’s progress. Finally, the Physician discharged Mrs. G. home unfortunately; she needed help at home after discharge so that she can continue functioning at her pre-admission level. The Discharge planner collaborated with the nurse to determine that Mrs. would require a front wheel walker, Physical therapist and home health nurses to assist her at home. When it was time to leave the hospital premises, Mrs. G was satisfied about her quality of care during her hospital stay. She was glad to finally go home because she knew that the social worker had already arranged for some volunteers to visit her and assist her with errands too. The Case manager gave her a taxi voucher that will take her home. This scenario clearly demonstrates the importance of collaboration between healthcare members. Obviously, every member played a role for successful execution of collaborative goals based on the nursing processes

In conclusion, the changing scope of nursing practices demands that nurses collaborate with health care professionals to provides satisfactory level of patient care in all medical settings. Differentiating between the collaborative problems and nursing diagnosis will help the collaborative team to focus on the patient, set measured goals and work together to provide quality patient care.

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Cannabis Research Paper

Research Paper on Cannabis

Cannabis, more commonly known as marijuana, has been illegal under the system of prohibition ever since 1937. The trend of marijuana’s prohibition is very closely linked to that of alcohol. As history has proven prohibition does not work. It is important to understand why. To do so the three stages of prohibition - exaggeration, silence, and severe penalties - and the effects of prohibition in the last half-century will be considered.

Research has proven that marijuana damages the short term memory, distorts perceptions, impairs judgment and complex motor skills, alters the heart rate, can lead to severe anxiety, and can cause paranoia and lethargy. While all of that is true, I personally do not think that compares to the effect of alcohol and tobacco. For instance, alcohol’s cause of cirrhosis to the liver, to cigarettes lung cancer, to coronary heart disease, or the plain fact that they are both carcinogens to speed up all cancers, are all good examples of how bad alcohol and tobacco can be. Alcohol is a factor of half of highway fatalities, half of all arrests, half of all homicides, and a fourth of all suicides, costing America $15 billion a year(National 15). It is important to keep in mind that while I compare these three drugs marijuana is not addicting, like alcohol and tobacco are (Schlosser 41). However, all drugs from alcohol to tobacco to marijuana have a social impact. All drugs are capable of disrupting the home, affecting the way the user performs at work, and causing a withdraw from society. I think all drugs equally share this power, because these social impacts are mostly a mental problem of people around the user. Therefore no drug is worse than any other drug when it comes to social impacts, they all are equally bad.

The first crop of American hemp was grown in 1611(Grinspoon 11). However, the modern practice of smoking marijuana was not introduced until the 1920’s. This was a time of drug intolerance. America was in the stages of prohibition of alcohol. Marijuana was introduced and smoked by the same people who where users of opiates, immigrants. In the 1930’s it was a common belief that immigrants were inhumane, and violent, and these attitudes were associated with marijuana. Because marijuana was used by the same users of opiates, it was immediately defined as a narcotic(Musto 45). By 1931 all but two states had anti-marijuana legislation. By 1937 all states had made marijuana illegal. And in 1937 the federal government created the Marijuana Tax Act(National 14). The details of the tax are irrelevant because no tax stamps were ever issued. Ironically not once during this time period was any research made on marijuana and it’s effects. It was assumed that marijuana was a narcotic, possessed a psychological dependence, provoked violent crime, and caused insanity(National 14).

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One of the three strategies of fighting marijuana was silence. It was believed that if youth did not hear about marijuana, then they would not become curious about it and experiment with it. In the 1930’s it was deemed that no schools could talk about marijuana. The Motion Picture Association of America banned all films that showed narcotics from 1934-1956(Musto 46). This strategy did not produce much, so the anti-marijuana population quickly moved into the next step, exaggeration.

The purpose of exaggeration was to scare possible users from trying marijuana. The American Journal of Medicine wrote, "Marijuana users will suddenly turn with murderous violence upon whoever is nearest to him. He will run amuck with knife, axe, gun, or anything else that is close to the hand, and will kill or main without reason(Musto44)." This is from F. T. Merrill from the Opium Research Committee on marijuana, "While numerous crimes were traced to its abuse, its peculiar virulent effect, leading sometimes to insanity, makes its use dangerous to the individuals and to society in general . . . leads to uncontrollable irritability and violent rages, which in most forms cause assault and murder(Grinspoon 17)." I found a medical handbook as late as 1970 that reports these myths. It says the word assassin is derived from the word hashish. The word amuck comes from the characteristic of the drug which means to kill and "was the word the natives of Malay would shriek as they dashed down the street, maddened by hashish, in a murderous frenzy(Williams 140)." In a California police officers guide it says, "Marijuana is the immediate and direct cause of the crime committed," it continues, "the user is very often dangerous to handle or control, has no fear, feels no pain, and may commit crimes of violence. . .He may suddenly get the idea that his best friends or his own immediate family are about to take his life and proceed to kill them . . . in fact, no act is too fantastic or horrible to the user of marijuana.(Williams 141)"

The penalties for marijuana come and go with the populations belief on it’s level of harm. If the people believe it to be bad during a particular decade, the penalties will be stiff, if people are lenient about it for a decade, the penalties will be light. Drug use continued to decline through the fifties, and the fifties was when drug penalties started a steep incline. One of the first mandatory prison sentences was legislated at that time. Possession of marijuana was a mandatory minimum of 10 years. Dealing to a minor was a mandatory death sentence(Musto 46). During the sixties and seventies the penalties declined as use increased. Eventually 11 states decriminalized personal possession of marijuana(Thies 389). In the eighties drug use declined and penalties rose again. Currently under the three strike program there is a mandatory life sentence without parole for the third strike. Judges are no longer able to use discretion in a case in finding a verdict, they are required to punish on the most serious readily provable charge(Schlosser 93). For those found growing a major marijuana plantation, 60,000 plants, it is a mandatory death penalty(Schlosser 89). One modern cause of prohibition is the belief that if marijuana policy is relaxed, then more people will use marijuana. Nationwide usage of marijuana in 1984 was 26.3 percent. In the eleven states that have decriminalized marijuana a very close 27.3 percent use marijuana. In 1988 the percentages were 15.4 and 16.1 respectively. Decriminalization of marijuana is defined by states that no longer arrest people for marijuana possession. In ten of the states there is a $0-100 fine for possession. The fine is derived from the federal government system of withholding federal highway money for states not having any minimum punishments(Thies 387). Holland is another example of the effect of legalizing marijuana. Holland legalized marijuana in 1976 and has since had a 40 percent reduction in marijuana users(Schlosser 94). While it is true that marijuana has decreased in America also in that time period, it can not be said that legalizing marijuana increases usage. It is obvious that social policy, not legal policy, is in direct effect of Holland’s marijuana usage.

Year after year articles can be found accusing marijuana of being addictive. In 1972 the federal government had an extensive research of marijuana and found that there is no physically addictive traits. Since then all published medical journals and books make it clear that marijuana is not addicting. Dr. Jack Henningfield, of the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Addiction Research Center, and Dr. Neal Benowits, of University of California, ranked six drugs, heroine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, and marijuana, on their ability to produce psychological dependence. Nicotine was found to be the most addicting, and marijuana the least addicting. Not only did marijuana rank as the least addictive, but it also ranked least likely to get a tolerance, and least likely to show any signs of withdraw after quitting smoking marijuana(Schlosser 92).

The attack on marijuana using the system of strict penalties, silence, and exaggeration has caused ignorance. While all new research since 1972 has put down almost all former negative claims of marijuana, many strong arguments are made and used in forming laws using the ignorant ideas of the thirties. People tend to remain to believe what they have always believed, and the extent of most people’s education of marijuana is what their parents have taught them. While it is the responsibility of all parents to teach their children what they believe is right and wrong, it is not an acceptable method of forming laws.

If the purpose of prohibiting marijuana is to eliminate it’s use, then the prohibition of marijuana is another example of how prohibition fails. In 1979 68.2 percent of the population of 18-25 year olds had tried marijuana at least once, and 35 percent were regular users. Those numbers have decreased to 50 percent and 13 percent respectively, but the point is that drugs are still readily available(U.S.).

Another effect of the prohibition of marijuana has been a huge increase of government spending on fighting crime, and prison overcrowding. In 1880 .061 percent of the population was in prison, by 1920 it reached .1 percent, and in 1995 .35 percent of the population is in prison. So each citizen of the US has had to triple the amount of tax dollars he/she spends on housing inmates from 1920 to 1995. 62 percent of these inmates are in prison for drug offenses. There has been a 1100 percent increase in those arrested for drugs from 1980 to 1992, even though marijuana usage dropped to 13% from 35% in that same period. While violent offenders have only increased by 50 percent. 58 percent of marijuana felons have no relevant prior crime history, 91 percent were not considered organizers, leaders, managers, or supervisors, and 92 percent did not even own guns. These people are not necessarily to be considered endangering our society(Schlosser 93). What is the point of these statistics? Just to show that a lot of money is spent each year on prison of otherwise non-violent or law abiding citizens.

Ignoring money spent on prison, the DEA spends $1.3 billion a year on fighting marijuana. The total efforts of the federal government equate to $30 billion spent, $2 billion of marijuana seized, 4 million people arrested, a quarter million sentenced beyond a year, and essentially no permanent change in usage from the sixties to now(Schlosser 89). Was it worth it?

I want to talk about Mark Young, a victim of the US District Attorney. Young was a resident of Illinois and was on a fishing trip in Florida with some old friends. He brought with him some famous Illinois marijuana and his friends enjoyed it greatly. They thought they could get an easy market for this marijuana in Florida; so they asked Young to introduce them to the grower. Young did introduce them to the grower, and was essentially cut out of the deal from that point onward. Some time later he was arrested and charges with conspiracy to manufacture and faced a minimum of life in prison with no parole. He had not been convicted in a crime for almost twenty years, but had two minor possessions against him from his youth, so this was his third strike. Keep in mind that he had never handled any money or marijuana for the transaction, and was not receiving any benefits for this deal. The US DA offered him a deal to tell on as many people as he could to get a lesser sentence. He refused for two reasons, first he did not know any other dealers or growers, but more importantly he had principles and refused to tell on anyone. Therefore the DA prosecuted him to the full extent of the law, and the jury not knowing the sentence, found him guilty of conspiracy to manufacture. The judge was forced to sentence him life without parole. Today he is still in prison and was quoted as saying, "They’ve only proved I’m capable of smoking a joint, or of introducing a guy to another guy who needs some pounds. That’s the most they’ve proved me capable of. What [the prosecutors] are doing, they’re destroying these families and passing out life sentences, taking people’s lives, putting children on the street--I mean horrendous acts. I don’t know of anyone that would do anything that malicious for a salary(Schlosser 46)."

My personal opinion is that the state has no right to interfere with anybody’s private conduct. Also the government has no right to protect anybody from their own folly. The government can feel free to educate all they want on the effects of using marijuana, education being the best way one can fight anything that is disapproved by that one. However that same government should not be allowed to say if one can or cannot practice that behavior in private. This is the same opinion held in the 1970’s when the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse published their report and summarized that marijuana should be legal to grow and smoke in private(National 152). They suggested to continue to catch and arrest those that traffic, push, or commercially grow marijuana. But when it comes to growing marijuana in private, sharing it, and smoking it, that should be legalized. The report was approved by the president, speaker of the house, and president of the senate. This was the same side of the issue that former President Carter took(Musto 45). He stood behind what the commission had said and made a mediocre attempt to pass this legislation.

The original reasoning for prohibiting marijuana seems to have been based on lack of knowledge of the drug. However, this brought forth a hate and fear of this drug that set the stages for the future and is still echoed in people’s arguments against marijuana. Arguments for this kind of drug seem to be passed down from generation to generation. So even though new research has disproved most myths, some people will remain to believe what they have always believed. The effects of prohibition have been mostly of spending tax dollars on catching and housing marijuana users and dealers and growers. Ironically one effect that has not been achieved is to curb or completely prohibit the use of marijuana in our society. While a lot of money has been spent, there has been little to no return on the dollar. It is important to realize that behind every statistic of a marijuana user in jail is a person, like Mark Young. And behind every person like Young there is a family, with a wife and kids and parents and friends. All of these people can be devastatingly effected be ones arrest, especially the children. These people arrested go in as merely people who enjoy smoking marijuana, and sometimes come out as criminals. Prohibition began as a misunderstanding, has not achieved it’s goal, and is against an American philosophical approach, and I think it is time to reconsider.

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Skin Cancer Research Paper

Research Paper on Skin Cancer

The most common kind of cancer is skin cancer, affecting some 500,000 Americans yearly. But out of all the types of cancer there is, it is the most curable. About ninety five percent of people who have skin cancer are cured by drugs or surgery.

“Sunlight is regarded as a causative factor in more than 90% of skin cancers,” stated Lamberg. Skin cancer is the most serious consequence of over exposure to the sun. It is a delayed effect that usually doesn’t appear for many years. Since sun damage may not be immediately visible, many people don’t realize the dangers of tanning. Dr. Vivienne Nathanson said, “A Suntan isn’t a sign of good health, a tan even where there is no burning, always means that the skin has been damaged. Suntan isn’t nature’s own sunscreen.” A tan thickens the skin enabling it to tolerate the sun longer without burning but it does not offer full protection.

A few serious sunburns can increase a person’s risk for skin cancer. The lighter a person’s natural skin color is, the more likely he or she is to burn. Melanin in greater of lesser amounts is what separates skin types and determines how a person can handle the sun. People who stay out too long can get a burn that just as severe as one caused by a fire of boiling water. Ultraviolet B rays causes sunburn, but ultraviolet A rays are more harmful. It alone may lead to skin cancer. It actually damages the connective tissue at deeper levels.

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Sunbeds first became popular in the 1970’s and have become a boom industry ever since. Surveys have shown that in the 16-24 age group, at least one person in four has used a sunbed. It is twice as popular with women than men to use a sunbed. Some people think that using tanning beds is safer than actually going out in the sun. That is not true. Leading doctors say, “All sunbed users should be given a compulsory warning that they are putting themselves at increased risk of skin cancer.” The chances of developing some tumors more than double with frequent sunbed use. “Occasional use can result in cancer, prematurely aged skin, eye damage, and suppression of the immune system,” Hope wrote. Other effects of too much sun are adverse reactions to certa drugs, which results in rashes, loss of skin color and photosensitivity.

Skin Cancer develops on the face, ears, neck, and the backs of hands, or any place where clothing does not cover the body. In the book Skin Disorders, it says that, “Most skin cancers are found in people who are over the age of 40. However, skin cancer may develop in children, teenagers, and young adults.” Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It causes 7,400 deaths in a year in the United States. Melanoma is only fatal if it is not treated early. The appearance of melanoma often develops in an existing mole that changes size, shape, or color. Treatment involves cutting out the growth and a small border of adjacent skin. Another form of treatment is electrodescian, which is another name for zapping the growth with an electric needle. It can grow downward invading healthy tissue and spread to the lymph nodes and internal organs. People are at a higher risk of developing melanoma, if a relative also developed it.

Basal-cell cancers are the most common form of skin cancers. It accounts for about 70% of total cases. But it is the most easy to treat. They usually occur where the sun strikes the hardest, on the face and the neck. According to Lamberg, “Basal-cell often start as a small bump and later grow wider and more elevated, often with a depression in the center. Their color is similar to that of normal skin, although their surface is shiny of pearly and run through with tiny blood vessels.”

A lot of the people today who have skin cancer admit that when they were younger they would bathe in the sun for long periods of time. Getting a tan is especially popular with teenagers and young adults. Creighton says, “Even with warnings about sun exposure, teens are soaking up rays to get the perfect tan.” Alan Geller, APHA member, stated, “The notion of a tan is really a driving behavior, it’s worth getting burned to get a tan.” in the Nation’s Health article. A tan may look great now, but 20 years from now the skin will become lined and leathery. People were more careful of the sun in the past. In the 1930’s a person’s risk of getting malignant melanoma was 1 out of 1, 500. The chance of getting malignant melanoma now is 1 out of 128 people. One out of seven people in the United States will develop some form of skin cancer.

Regular use of sunscreen during the first 18 years will reduce the risk of skin cancer by 78%. Clothes, hats, and sunglasses protect the skin from the sun. Sunscreen with sun protection factor of 15 or higher is recommended. It is also a good idea to limit sun exposure during the peak hours between 10-1 am.

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Smallpox Essay

Smallpox is a freking silly virus with nothing but stupid good strong tempered ill sick words. Everytime time the moon falls it makes a noise going crash and splash. Everyone know I'm crazy and I am stupid, I need this essay.

Really bad so I can pass my english class, I have to pass this class or else I fail. I am currently working on a game called Strings of fate and it's like a massive mulitplayer role playing game where you and your friends can enjoy and play together. All I need is a good graphic artist so I can get my characters, tiles, and items set so I can map and release.

I like milk and I also like pizza with pineapple on it. I play video games especially Role playing games cause they are very fun. Goodness when can i stop writing I need this now I have like twelve hours left to turn in something. Who the hell thought of this, why do you have to write a essay to enter thats just real stupid. I can't believe this isn't two hundred and fifty words yet, this is so slow. Well what can I talk about, well I like hip hop and rap music alot. I hate punk rock and country music they just don't do it. There real boring and stupid and loud.

I wonder when I will reach two hundred and fifty words because this is getting very repetitive. I eat alot of candy I don't know why but they taste so good. If I can only get to the essay I wouldn't have to type all this nonsense. I wish I had a big penis, yeah I really do mine isn't small but I just want a bigger penis girls moaning doesn't work it. I want them to scream out and tell me to really stop. Now that will be some awesome stuff, I really hope I get a big ten inch penis real soon.

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Syphilis Research Paper

Research Paper on Syphilis

The sexually active men and women of today are aware of numerous sexually-transmitted diseases that they face by having unprotected sex. One of the diseases is called syphilis. Syphilis has been known to cause devastating epidemics. What is syphilis and how is it transmitted, what are its symptoms, and how is it diagnosed and treated will be discussed in the following paragraphs.

Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted disease that is caused by the fragile bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is transmitted via sexual contact from the infected person to the uninfected person. It spreads from the initial ulcer to the skin or mucous membranes of the genitalia; it may also be spread to the mouth, anus or broken skin on other parts of the body. Pregnant women may also pass the T. pallidum bacteria to her unborn child. The child may, as a result of syphilis, be born with serious physical and mental problems.

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The symptoms of syphilis start out as an ulcer at the site of infection. However, the bacterium spreads throughout the body. There are four stages of syphilis. Primary syphilis is characterized by chancre, which appears ten days to three months after exposure. The chancre is painless and may go unnoticed and is usually found on the penis, vulva, or wherever the infected partner’s ulcer made contact. Secondary, or chronic, syphilis is characterized by a skin rash, with large brown spots about the size of a penny and appears three to six weeks after the chancre. The rash may cover the whole body or only a few areas. Flu-like symptoms such as mild fever, fatigue, headache and sore throat may accompany the rash. Lymph nodes may swell and patchy hair loss may occur. These symptoms may be very mild, and, like the chancre of primary syphilis, may disappear without treatment. During the latent stage, syphilis is no longer contagious and symptoms are no longer present. Tertiary syphilis usually affects one-third of the population who had secondary syphilis. Tertiary syphilis is not contagious, but the bacterium damages the heart, brain, eyes, nervous system and may result in mental illness, blindness, heart disease and death.

Syphilis, or “the great imitator” shares symptoms with many other diseases and is diagnosed by recognizing the signs and symptoms, examining blood samples, and by identifying the Treponema pallidum bacteria under the microscope. Treatment is usually penicillin via injection, with alternate antibiotics given to those with potential allergies to penicillin. Persons receiving antibiotic treatment can longer transmit the disease after 24 hours. However, some patients do not respond to the usual dose of penicillin and may require an increase or change in dosage; therefore, periodic blood tests for those being treated are required to assure the infectious agent has been completely destroyed. Early stages can be cured with proper treatment, but late stages are final due to the fact that the damage has already been done and cannot be reversed.

Of the sexually-transmitted diseases, syphilis has been one of epidemic proportions. The sexually active persons of today need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of all possible diseases, and get regularly scheduled examinations to prevent and detect such diseases. A cure for syphilis in the early stages is possible, but in the late stages it can be fatal.

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Help from Thesis Writers

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A thesis paper is a academic document or project submitted in university in support of candidature for an Undergraduate, Master's, MBA or PhD degree or professional academic qualification which presents the author's findings and research. In some universities of the US, Canada and UK, thesis writing is used as final part of a Bachelor's or Master's academic course to be completed to defend graduate degree. Writing a thesis is a very complicated and specific activity during which students sometimes experience troubles and difficulties in. This is determined by searching any help from thesis writers by students offline and online.

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Apart from hiring professional thesis writers young people can read a huge amount of literature and articles with tips about writing Undergraduate, Master's and PhD theses – these instructions can help write your thesis paper, following them you will be able to make an analysis and research for your project BUT be ready to spend sleepless nights at home or library to work on your thesis project – this activity may take you up to 1 year to complete your graduate paper.

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Telemedicine Essay

Telemedicine is the use of electronic communication and information technologies to provide health care when distance separates the medical professional from the patient. It includes using equipment such as telephones, fax machines or computers and interactive multimedia. Telemedicine transports medical information through telecommunication links, PC’s, imaging equipment and specialized audio and video for the treatment and diagnosis of patients. It has the ability to improve health care over far and distant locations and reduce expenses.

History

Telecommunication has been around for hundreds of years. However the exact time and date of when telecommunication use began in health care is not known. In spite of this, when telephones were invented physicians were amongst the first to adopt them. Einthoven, as well, who was the developer of the electrocardiogram, transmitted heart tracings through telephone lines from a hospital to his laboratory. He stated that he could foresee a drop in a patient’s heartbeat before the patient’s physician was aware of what happened. Telephones have been around for many years in the medical community and are still in use because of its simplicity and availability. Radio communication is also been around for a while and is mostly used in ships and boats which are in remote areas, to transfer medical information back and forth.

First Generation Telemedicine

It is said that telemedicine can date back to the 1950’s when a two-way, closed circuit, microwave television psychiatric consultation between Nebraska Psychiatric Institute and a state mental hospital. The physician evaluated many patients and did group therapy over a distance. Later in the 1960’s, a project was done in Massachusetts General Hospital and emergency departments at the airports where an interactive television microwave link was created between the two. The network included an electro-cardiograph, stethoscope and voice transmission abilities. The main point of this project was tele-diagnosis, so that the emergency staff at the airport would be able to get aid and assistance from the staff at the hospital. These earlier projects soon developed into a number of different projects that used microwave, satellite or laser beam technology.

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The first project with this technology was called the STARPAC (Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care). This project provided health care services to astronauts in space and also to the Papago Indian reservations through portable satellite units. Through this method people in distant locations were able to get medical care and attention.

In the development stages of telemedicine the transfer rate for information was not very high and therefore not a lot of information could be sent either way. Depending on the systems bandwidth it would determine how fast and clear the receivers obtain the information, since most telecommunication is done through audio and visual teleconferencing. Also different telemedicine applications require different softwares. For example, a radiologist would require different software than a physician or therapist. Some require more sophisticated and complex software while others require less complicated applications.

Second Generation Telemedicine

In the second generation of telemedicine, most of the problems have been solved from the first generation with the availability of new modern software and hardware to make telemedicine more easily available and suitable to everyone. They have high-quality, full-motion, full-colour video and audio equipment and software. Telemedicine has also improved because of the better planning and public’s awareness of this matter. They are helping to improve a new era of health care management and delivery of this service. Patients have also been staying for shorter periods of time in hospitals because patients are able to get the help they need from telephone counseling, which lead to the creation of telecare centers. Many patients and people use this type of medical care because of its ease of use and convenience.

With the development of the Internet, telemedicine has been improving more and more. Over the Internet a patient and doctor can speak to one another without actually meeting face-to-face. They can discuss the patient’s symptoms and medical history over the Internet and then prescribe medicine after the patient has completed a questionnaire and gone through an on-line meeting with the doctor. However, there are also problems associated with this. Since the doctor never physically examines the patient, the medicine prescribed could be for a drug addict covering up their needle-tracks. This is an example of how the Internet can be misused. Nevertheless the Internet can also be used for as a server, where people can find out information about diseases or anything else in the health care profession. The Internet is an effective tool in telemedicine when used wisely. It is great for finding out information and not so great for cybermedicine.

From the first generation to the second there have been more advances in telemedicine. Telecommunications is being used in many medical professions such as dermatology, pathology, radiology and psychiatry. Although these are only in the beginning stages or development, it is improving quickly and will soon be used in the future because of its easy accessibility.

Some Problems Telemedicine Might Face

Some obstacles that might cause a problem is the cost of telemedicine. Who will pay for this? Is it worth the cost of it all? Will the cost for patients be covered by insurance or will patients have to pay for it themselves? Studies have been done to determine how one should pay for telemedicine, however they are still continuing since the data collected so far is not sufficient enough. Concern should also be placed on quality of health care and issues dealing with a patient’s security and confidentiality of their information.

There are also legal matters to consider in this situation. People travel from place to place to visit a specialist who is licensed in that province, however through telemedicine a patient would not be able to tell if that doctor is licensed in that state or not. One would also not be able to tell if that patient and doctor had a relationship or not since they never technically never meet at all. One would also not be able to tell if there was a violation of duty between the patient and doctor.

There are also concerns about the patient’s medical history. For instance, who will be in charge of keeping them? How will the documents be kept safe since everything will be transferred electronically from patient to doctor? These are all questions that need to be answered before telemedicine comes into effect.

Conclusion

Telemedicine may been perceived as a way to help people in distant locations who cannot get medical care easily, however telemedicine can also help medical care while limiting the cost of it. If all the political and legal issues dealing with telemedicine are resolved then telemedicine will help many people in different areas while at the same time lowering the expense of health care. As with all new advancements, there is a hesitation because it is not known yet. However, through time and advancements telemedicine will prove to be cost effective and clinically effective. “One thing we can learn is that technology certainly has the potential to soothe the growing pains and provide some solutions for the major challenges facing the business of health-care delivery.”

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