Research Paper on Video Game Violence

Video Game Violence Research Paper

What effect does the violence in video games have on the users?
So what effect does videogame violence have on children or older users, We have PlayStations2, Nintendo Gamecubes, Xbox’s, PCs, and more. All of these mediums offer people of all ages, including children, access to interactive violent experiences such as driving around a detailed simulated world and be free to run over or to get out and beat a civilian with a bat. From the media's favorite example “Grand theft auto” which the above example comes from, video game violence is showing to be more common than ever. The biggest concern when it comes to video games of this nature is if having them available to younger audiences will lead to real-life problems. More specifically, can and does video game violence increase aggression in young children.

There has been much debate on this subject, largely between researchers against the media's availability and possible influence and the game players who feel the connection simply doesn't exist. But the idea that video violence can increase aggression is easily supported through the experiences of many young gamers. A group of my friends who are dedicated gamers, around 17 years of age and each shared stories about aggressive events resulting from game play experiences. One of my friends said once he remembers of playing a game witch was very difficult and after a long period of trying the frustration got to him so he picked up the control and threw it across the room and turned the thing off. Another example includes my friend constantly loosing to another friend and as a result he got aggressive at the other person and not the game itself. These experiences reflect how violence in games reflects across violence in real life.

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What percentage of violence is accredited to video games?
Gamers can get so into games, the issue of increased aggression comes down to whether the player can distinguish between the simulated violence and violence in real life. As this distinction becomes blurred, so does the awareness of real life consequences and ethics. This reasoning can either lead the to young users neglecting or forgetting how to act in real life, or forgetting the difference between the simulated world and the real world during play.

If this is true, then it can be assumed that violent video games can actually teach some children that violence is not only acceptable, but also necessary. Violence becomes the solution to problems outside the gaming environment and in the real world. The link to increased aggression is obvious. There cant be an actual value placed on the percentage of violence in video games in relation to real life, basically because many people believe there inst solid evidence to believe that videogames don’t really increase violence in players. The reality is that different people react to situation differently for example a young child who plays and dedicates a large amount of time to play a fighting game is more likely to go outside with his friends and pretend to simulate what he did in the game. This is true because I remember when I was little this was a common thing we did, we played according to what we could do in games we liked. Another example is older games around the ages of 20-30 they usually play games to relieve stress they play casually so they don’t get into it, and as a result they simply don’t get aggravated or frustrated in what they play so violence in those instances cant be linked to video games.

What are some cases where video games violence has been the cause of a real life violent acts?
To see what were some real life effects of videogames I conducted question to ask to my friends.

Subject A This person said once he was feeling angry so he decided to play a fighting game. He though this would calm him down, while playing he noticed himself getting frustrated with the game, loosing to the computer got to him. Instead of calming him down playing the game increased his anger and he blamed the machine for his increase in frustration. The result was that he cursed out loudly and got even angrier than he was to start with.

Subject B This person Was playing a shooting game with his younger brother, who was winning at the game. Loosing to his younger brother mad him angry so he said this was no fun anymore and threw his controller at his brother lightly.

Subject C This subject was playing an internet game. It involves soldiers shooting each other and when you kill someone you win money and when you die you get no money (not real money). This person regarded himself to be very good and he boasted his skills so when he lost one time he punched his keyboard.

Subject D This person when he was younger loved to play wrestling games and when he was not playing he was doing what he could in the games to his little brother. One time he took it too far and really hurt his brother, which he believes is a result for simulating the moves in the game.

With these test it is clear proof that in some cases videogames can be the direct result to short term violence, such as swearing or anger outbursts. Most of the subjects said that the amount of violence in video games has decreased since when they were younger. This could say that younger users have higher chances of distinguishing from the virtual and real world.

What is the conclusion of the issue of violence in relation to videogames?
In the end, the view that video games and increased aggression can sometimes be linked and a result of are not so hard to believe. Some people against this idea say it is a lack of evidence to prove otherwise, alternate explanations for what would be links between the two, and even theories to suggest a benefit from video games over all. With each conflicting view of video games aggressive influence being supported so well, for one to become universally accepted over the other would be impossible. Instead, the truth must lie somewhere in the middle. Looking at both sides of the debate, as well as looking at my personal experience, I will now come to what I feel is the final answer. The conclusion will be based on what's currently going through my head after weighing all of this information and more.

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Evolution in Anthropology Essay

Essay on Evolution in Anthropology

Primate Evolution
Fossils representing the precursors of the primates may go back before the extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago. There are some primate-like teeth and bones found in Montana and Wyoming, dated from 60 to 65 maya. But the first undisputed primates appear about 55 maya. These early primates, despite the modern primate arboreal theme, may not themselves have been arboreal. As these primates continue to evolve, these basic traits prove a useful adaptive response to a more generalized life in the trees. Later the eastern and western hemispheres became completely separate, dividing the early primates into two geographical groups. The early new world primates were apparently replaced by more advanced monkey like primates that migrated from Africa to the Americas when the two continents were closer together by “island hopping” over a chain of volcanic islands or by rafting. Apes appear in the fossil record about 23 maya. With the evolution of larger bodies and larger brains, they became a successful group of primates.

The Evolution of Bipedalism
Bipedalism was the first hominid feature to evolve millions of years before our big brains and flat faces. Each new fossil or new date or new interpretation of ancient environments changes the outlook slightly. Early hominid fossils found in eastern and southern Africa have long been linked to the Savannas that began expanding because of climate changes about 5 maya. It freed the forelimbs to carry things, including offspring and food. The vertical orientation helped cool the body by exposing a smaller surface area to the intense equatorial rays of the sun, and by placing more of the body above the ground to catch cooling air currents. It was very efficient and required less energy for long periods of steady walking.

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The Early Hominids
Beginning with the first evidence of habitual bipedalism a little over 4 maya, the hominid fossil record becomes more complete and more complex. The hominid fossil record begins with an enigmatic set of specimens from Ethiopia dated at 4.4 maya. At present place in a separate genus, Ardipithecus, these fossils have been described as belonging to a forest dwelling, very ape-like biped. The earliest well established hominid fossils are placed in genus Australopithecus and are often divided into as many as three or four species. Their bones show full upright walking, but their faces are ape-like, their brain sizes approximate those of chimpanzees, their bodies average about 105 pounds, and their arms are long and heavily muscled. They were probably well adapted to both arboreal and terrestrial environments, and microscopic analysis of their teeth indicates a mixed vegetable diet of fruits and leaves. Early hominids made tools from stone as far back as 2.6 maya. Stone tools last for millions of years and provide evidence that were tools. Tools were used for such as: sharpening branching for crude spears or sticks for digging up roots, or cutting up plant materials for food or other purposes. It appears that stone tools allowed early homo to better exploit a source of food that was no doubt exploited before but would have entailed difficulty and danger - the scavenging of meat and bones from the carcasses of dead animals.

Around the World
Evidently the adaptation of early homo proved so successful that hominid evolution seems to accelerate every 2 maya. Within about 800,000 years of the first evidence of stone tools in Africa, fossils of homo are found as far away as Georgia, China, and Java. Homo sapiens are seen as a 2 million year old species that displays a great deal of variation over time, but has always maintained enough to remain a single species.

The Homo erectus Stage
Beginning about 1.8 maya, we find fossils representing what looks like a fairly sudden jump in our evolution. Body size is now within the modern human range and is essentially modern in shape. From the neck up, the bones reveal the retention of primitive features with one notable exception. Brain size has now evolved to an average of 960 ml and a maximum of 1250 ml. This is the Homo erectus stage named because when the first of these fossils were found in Java around the time of the 20th century, they were thought to be the first humans to walk upright. Fossils belonging to the Homo erectus stage are dated from 1.8 maya to perhaps as recently 100,000 years ago. Homo erectus members were expanding their range, they were coming into contact with the changeable environments of the ice age. This period was from 1.6 maya to around 10,000 years ago, when a decrease in the earths average temperature caused great sheets of ice, glaciers, to advance in the polar regions and out of higher elevations.

The Archaic Homo sapiens Stage
The brain size, and some other detailed features associated with modern humans, appears to have been achieved by some fossils from Spain dated at 780,000 years ago and from Tanzania and Ethiopia at 700,000 and 600,000 years ago. An early achievement of the stage dated to around 200, 000 years ago and appearing first in Africa, was a new tool marking technique. It’s called Levallois, or prepared-core, technique and essentially allows for the production of a number of predictably shaped flakes off a single core – historys’ first example of mass production. Although the Neanderthals are sometimes considered a separate species, we will here include them in Archaic Homo sapiens because of their modern size brains and retention of primitive cranial features. The bones of the Neanderthals, even the finger bones, were sturdier with heavier muscle markings than those of modern humans or for the matter, other archaics. They were stocky, muscular, powerful people, and these traits are even seen in Neanderthal children, so they are assumed to be the result of inheritance, not simply a hard working lifestyle. Based on features of fossils, as well as genetic analysis, some authorities feel Neanderthals are a separate species that made no contribution to the modern gene pool. According to them, the Neanderthal set of physical features died out when the species was replaced by more modern humans. Neanderthals were certainly a long lived group who were successful in adapting to some harsh and demanding climatic conditions, and who were clearly intelligent and sentient beings.

The Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens Stage
Beginning perhaps as early as 300,000 years ago, fossils with near modern features appear, earliest in Africa and later in other parts of the old world. We call these fossils anatomically modern because they lack some features characteristic of earlier hominids and possessive features common to humans today. Stone tools now show a great deal of craftsmanship. Some are so thin and delicate they must not have been made for a utilitarian purpose. There is clear evidence of big game hunting. And art makes an appearance in the form of carvings, and starting about 32,000 years ago, paintings in caves that rival art produced today.

Contemporary Issues: Have we found the “missing link”?
A missing skull was discovered in England 40 years later proven to be a fraud. It was considered a missing link because it possessed traits that were a perfect mix between those of human and ape. Its cranium was the shape and size of a modern human and its lower jaw was decidedly apelike. For much of the history of evolutionary though, evolution was conceived of as a ladder or chain progressing from primitive to modern. We can recognize today that living species are not leftover primitive links on an evolutionary chain but rather contemporary products of evolution. A missing link in the traditional sense an intermediate between modern humans and modern apes simply does not exist. What does exist is a common ancestor of humans and our closest relatives the chimpanzees and bonobos, and we have reason to think that the common ancestor resembles a bonobo or chimp more than a modern human. This is because evolution happens to have taken place at a more rapid pace in hominids than in apes are still modern species.

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Mapping the Human Genome Essay

Mapping the Human Genome Project Essay

The greatest scientific accomplishment ever is almost complete. What could be a greater accomplishment than man on the moon? Only one thing comes to mind, mapping of the human genome. The human genome is 3.2 billion letters long. Ninety-seven percent of it is useless trash. The Human Genome Project was created a little over a decade ago. With the project coming to an end researchers will be able to figure out exactly how each gene functions--and, more important, malfunctions to trigger deadly illnesses from heart disease to cancer (Time 1999).

There is a mad race to see who will finish first. A couple of companies are in the running to finish by 2003. Independently funded Celera Genomics Corp. is in first, closely followed by the Human Genome Project, which is funded by the US government, and behind the most powerful country in the world is The Sanger Centre in England.
James Watson and others started the Human Genome Project in 1988. James Watson was also the co-discover of the structure of DNA. The human instruction book was thought to take fifteen years and three billion dollars, but the project is ahead of schedule and under budget. At first people felt that we weren’t ready for the start of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project started off slow, but gained much momentum after key scientist and computers were involved.

The Celera Genomics company is in the lead because Craig Venter the leading scientist of Celera. Pharmaceutical companies fund Celera Genomics Corp. The pharmaceutical companies back up Celera with funds so when Celera Genomics find genes they patent the genes. Which means the pharmaceutical companies will profit form their patents. Some say that patenting genes is wrong. If Celera finds the sequence that causes heart disease and another company wants to do research on heart disease they can’t, because Celera owns the genes and there is nothing anybody can do about it. Celera Genomics can sell the genes to the company, but it would cost the company millions of dollars for genes that aren’t Celera’s, just discovered by them.

Craig Venter is known all around the world. Although other scientists hate him he is the most famous living scientist in the world today. The reason he is hated so much is because he uses robot research gene sequencers and high-speed computers in finding the genes. Other scientists argue that some of the data is not very accurate. Others call him a cheat for lifting data made public on the government’s GenBank website at tax payers expense—and then patenting sequences culled from this data, there by locking up information originally intended to be freely available (Time 2001). Many scientists also dislike him because he heads a company that patents genes for the company’s good. Venter argues that he will release the complete genome to the world when it is done for free. Many people in the genome field don’t believe him. People are really worried because he will most likely finish before anybody else. Craig Venter will be known as the man that did somewhat of the impossible.

The Human Genome project took blood and sperm samples form anonymous donors. The project’s commercial rival, Celera Genomics, put an ad The Washington Post, and selected thirty men and women form a variety of ethnic backgrounds and used six of them. Some say Celera boss Craig Venter has also has added his DNA to the mix. They take the DNA from the volunteers and try to find the genes and then put them in the correct order. From the order they can determine what the genes will do or not do to cause a serious disease.

Sometime in the next few months we shall have a rough draft of the complete human genome. Some believe it is the greatest intellectual moment in history. The human genome contains stories of our future as well as our past. Genetic engineering has the potential to conquer cancer, grow new blood vessels in the heart, block the growth of blood vessels in tumors, create new organs from stem cells and perhaps even reset the primeval genetic coding that causes cell to age (Time 1999).

Scientists still have a long ways to go to completely finish. Knowing the code for a gene doesn’t mean you know what protein in produces in the body, or what the protein does, or how it interacts with other proteins—vital information if you want to know how the genetic code locked in our cells ends up constructing and maintaining a fully functioning human being (Time 2001). They also have the complicated task of finding out what the letters mean and what they do. If a gene has an error it causes a disease and they still have to identify what caused the error and triggered the disease. Even when they finish they will have a genome full of holes, no matter how hard sequencers try the gaps will stubbornly refuse to show their secrets. The first chromosome to be completed has about three percent that is not readable and the other chromosomes that are being found also have many holes in them. Ten percent of the genome is virtually impossible to sequence because of its respective nature, so it has been quietly omitted from all discussion of progress—even though it may contain important information (New Scientist 2000). There is also a possibility that some genes will be overlooked or skipped mistakenly. Combining results with private companies like Celera Genomics Corp can fill some gaps. The gaps in one company’s research might not be gaps in another’s. Nobody knows what the gaps have in them, which are why they can never be overlooked.

If we ever do figure out the whole sequence, will humans be better off? Some say that it will cause a genetic underclass. Some countries that are poor and can’t afford screenings for diseases will become the underclass; rich countries will obviously have advantages. The insurance companies will also want to know what your genes have in store for you, this can also affect you chances of getting life insurance. This can cause higher insurance for everyone. This gene stuff can affect where you can and can’t get a job. For example if you are going to live longer a company will want you to work for them, on the other hand if you are going to get some kind of genetic disease the company will not want you. If that isn’t enough, parents who are going to have a baby can chose which traits they want the baby to have and which they don’t. If the people in the rich countries do this to their babies there will be two different human races. One race would be very intelligent and be excellent leaders, while the other humans will be normal and very under classed. We really don’t know what will happen in the future.

How do they sequence the genome? Well they take a short piece of a chromosome and make thousands of incomplete copies of it. They attach a fluorescent label to one end of it, using different colors for different letters. The fragments are assorted according to size. Then the short sequences are strung together to give the chromosome’s sequence. Many companies use sequencing machines to accelerate the process. Celera Genomics uses a technique called “shotgun”. Venter is hated for his use of this method. Instead of sequencing adjacent segments of chromosomes, an entire genome is chopped into little pieces and sequenced. Then, like a puzzle, computers that look for overlapping fragments put the random bits together. The Human Genome Project scientists use another type of computer to find the sequences. Each machine prepares DNA samples, runs them through electrophoresis gels, and reads off the results into a database, only requiring the help of a human once every 24 hours (New Scientist 1999). The computers have really helped this project arrive to what it is now. Without these computers it would take four hundred times longer to get to where it is now, almost complete.

The reason for the Human Genome Project was to find all the genes that are killing innocent people, but it has turned into much more, patenting. Patenting genes is a horrible idea, with patenting it limits the research another company can do. Celera Genomics Corp. has patented many genes and sequences, they have patented sequences using the governments free website to find the genes and put them in sequences so they may patent the sequences. My genes are my genes not Celera Genomics, by patenting they own your genes and if you want another company to do research on you own DNA you have to buy it from Celera Genomics Corp. The government can’t allow for this to go on, that is why it is a race to see who will finish first, if Celera does that could mean that they own the entire human genome. The Human Genome Project is well behind Celera and it is already predicted that Celera Genomics Corp. will have the genome. Craig Venter has said that he will release the genome to the world, but many do not believe. The genome was supposed to be used to help adults and children with their suffering, the only thing it is doing right now is making money for the pharmaceutical companies that are funded by Celera. No matter what happens people are still keeping their eye on the Human Genome Project to see if they some how can pull off the impossible. June 26, 2000 the miracle finally came true when Craig Venter agreed to meet with the Human Genome Project’s unofficial head scientist, Francis Collins. The request for them to meet was made by many including President Clinton. June 26 is when they announced that they have finished mapping the human genome. There is still much left in mapping but most is done. The announcement made the two scientists seem equal, but it is clearly know that Venter is far ahead of Collins. They might have met a couple of times but both hate each other. They are still fighting to see whose genome is more complete, more accurate, and more useful.

In conclusion, genes can tell our future. I as a human being am very excited to see what this scientific accomplishment will bring to the table of survival. I fell that this will help us and hurt us in many ways. Scientists still have along way to go till they can find out if a certain person has a certain genetic disease. The estimated time for this to happen is close to 2010. In my mind and in many others this achievement is one of the greatest things to happen to man. We do not know if this major discover can really help man or destroy it. June 26, 2000 can go down in history has one of the greatest days of mankind or one of the worst days. It is too early to say if Craig Venter and Francis Collins will become the most famous scientists ever, but one thing is certain the things they have done will be remembered by most and forgotten by few. This is mankind’s most important data versus the utilization of what may also be its most valuable. The question is how will we use it?

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Research Paper on Homeschooling

Homeschooling Research Paper

Abstract
Home schooling is one of the oldest school choice options available to parents and their children; however, it is not often regarded as a school choice option, nor has there been much review of how the advent of school choice may be affecting home schooling. According to widely-repeated estimates, as many as two million American children are schooled at home, with the number growing as much as 15 to 20 percent per year. At the same time, however, home schooling has received little attention compared with other recent changes in the educational system, such as the growth of charter schools. It could be argued that home schooling may have a much larger impact on educational system, both in the short and long run.

In this report, Homeschooling in Lane County by Kathy L. M. Miles, this qualitative study examined the subject of reasons why parents are home schooling their children, how home and school can cooperate and integrate to educate children, and the higher education opportunities for home school students. The methodology and findings are discussed and the subjects are interviewed in their natural settings. The participants have a clear understanding of the subject matter and wanted to partake in the study.

Summary
The study begins this research paper with a general question and an outline of the history of home schooling and present characteristics of the home schooling movement in Lane County, Oregon based both on her own extensive study and on the existing literature in the field. The importance of this qualitative (inductive) study is to take an in-depth look at the various rationales why parents home school their children. These reasons include concern about low academic achievements, decline in teaching of virtues and morality, and to strengthen family parent-children relationships. The design used in this study are surveys (descriptive) research.

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The methodologies used for this study are purposive sampling methods which includes homogeneous and criterion sampling. Included in this study are interviews of parents and students, observations of home schools, interviews of school administrations, interviews of college admissions, and a survey of home school parents.

Subjects participant in interviews about the subject matter. Observation was conducted in the subjects natural setting (home). The researcher participated in educational activities and recorded data without any biases. Parents participated in interviews at various location, notes were taken and summarized. These sessions lasted from 30 minutes to one hour. Students were interviewed in their natural settings (home) that lasted for about an hour. Some interviews were conducted without the presence of parents. Surveys were conducted with the assistance of two home school organizations. The surveys were anonymous and responses were compiled based upon the following question: What are some reasons for home schooling in the order of their importance? The findings indicated how to provide a better academic education with one-on-one instructions. The survey was given to 56 families with 27 responding. The researcher identifies recurrent themes and integrates them into existing categories.

This research paper provides qualitative research with a phenomenology approach. The data was analyzed from the findings. In conducting the research Miles looks at various published literature on home schooling based upon the characteristics of home schoolers and their families.

Critique:
The research question addressed in Miles’s study on Homeschooling in Lane County (Master of Arts in Teaching) (1995), offers a rudimentary conceptual framework to assist researchers in beginning to understand, describe, and analyze homeschoolers. The approach used in this qualitative research is ethnography, however, I do see elements of the grounded theory as well. The article was well written and the audience for this article will understand the purpose of the study. The researcher explains why she chose to conduct the study using ethnographic data collection methods.

The study is important to education because it examines characteristics of home schooled children and their families, with a focus on those characteristics most relevant for gauging trends in home schooling. I learned that home schooling is one of the fastest growing educational alternatives and is gaining respect from educators and parents. This is partly because home schooling children score as well as and often better on standardized tests than their public school counterparts according to research. Base upon the sample size for this study and the data collected, I believe the research was valid because it provides a direct response from the participants and how they really feel about home schooling their children.

However, the validity of the study can be considered internal because the study does not provide a large enough sample of the target population (homeschoolers). The treats to internal validity are alternative explanations because out of the 56 families that were surveyed only 27 were included in the study.

The articles used in the literature review were appropriate for the study because they consist of other studies done the field. The article clearly describes the participants and examines characteristics of home schooled children and their families, with a focus on how can home schools are integrated with public schools and can home school students compete in higher education? The purposive sampling method which includes homogeneously and criterion sampling methods used for this qualitative study were appropriate because of the kind of data that had to be collected such as interviews and questionnaires. The data collected is descriptive and the results are a holistic description and interpretation that represent the rationale why some parents home school their children.

The author concludes by outlining a needed research agenda and offering a brief sampling of the types of knowledge and insight that home schooling research may present concerning the strengths, weakness, and future of American schooling.

Based upon the findings of the research, I would be able to replicate the study. I would conduct the study with a larger sample that would encompass more than one state and different ethnic backgrounds. I would also examine ways of building and strengthening partnerships between schools, families, and other community entities. This research review shows that creating partnerships between school, parents, families and communities can provide a promising avenue through which education can be more effective in achieving its goals. As reform efforts continue to grow the education community should be encouraged to explore this potential to its fullest.

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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Essay (LSD)

Essay on Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is said to be the most powerful man-made drug. Street names include LSD, acid, or blotter. It is a fickle drug: one never knows if they will experience a “good trip,” or “bad trip.” With numerous physical repercussions, and a fine of $1,000 or 6 months imprisonment for a first offense, possession isn’t worth the risk. Unfortunately, most do not know much about this potent hallucinogen. Education is the path to eradicating usage. Many people don’t take LSD seriously, believing promises of mind expansion or a chance escape from their troubles, but in the end it will only cause more trouble.

LSD was first synthesized in 1938 by Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann. He ingested it in 1943, first discovering the hallucinogenic effects. The drug’s peak popularity was during the 1960’s. It made a comeback in the 1990’s, but the average dose was significantly smaller than the average dose three decades earlier. As of 1997, 14% of high school seniors reported to have used the drug sometime during their lives. Today, most of the world’s supply is manufactured by a few chemists in labs located in northern California.

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This tasteless, odorless, colorless power can be made into tablets, capsules, or a liquid. The liquid can be taken by sugar cubes, stamps, blotter paper, and thin gelatin tabs called “window panes.” It can also be injected. The usual dose is between 100 to 200 micrograms. There would be enough in one eyedropper for 10,000 people. Due to this being such a miniscule amount, if not carefully measured there can be vast overdoses.

Years ago, there were thought to be beneficiary elements to LSD. It was used for research of mental psychoses. Some researchers still theorize LSD might be helpful in treating some emotional disorders. It has been shown to aid in recovery of alcoholism and drug addiction. At one time the drug was even administered to dying patients to alleviate their terror. The research on these benefits has been scrutinized and found inconclusive.

There are a plethora of physical and mental effects of taking LSD. These effects kick in after 30 to 90 minutes, and can last up to twelve hours. A “good trip” is supposed to expand the user’s consciousness, causing them to experience dramatic colors and sounds. Some relate it to having a religious experience. A “a bad trip” can plummet the user into a state of wild despair, panic, anxiety, and confusion. On rare occasions, suicide attempts are made to escape the negative emotions. Intake of the drug can result in sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, shakes, raise in body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and dilated pupils.

Psychologically, people taking LSD have reported seeing many delusions including melting faces, pulsating walls, and cracking buildings. The maximum dose has to do with brain weight and not overall body size. While it is not physiologically addicting, it is not safe to assume that once the first twelve hours are over the drug will not come back to haunt you. Teenage users have shown a tendency to fall back in school work, have their grades drop dramatically, or even quit school altogether. Many users experience sudden flashbacks years after they quit using LSD. These are unpredictable and not worth taking a chance on.

In 1997, 80% of twelfth graders disapproved of consuming LSD. These are positive statistics. Hopefully, the number of users will continue to decline in the coming years. With further education, people will learn that LSD is not a drug to be toyed with. Taking this, or any, drug is a serious action that can have serious consequences.

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Research Paper on Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling Research Paper

In recent years, racial profiling has become the subject of much controversy in the United States. This law enforcement tactic has come under so much scrutiny because many feel that it specifically targets minorities and violates our civil rights. However, when race is combined with other key identifying characteristics of criminal involvement, profiling is a sensible and useful technique in which police employ the laws of probability to make the best use of their scarce resources in attacking crime. As a result of the huge public outcry against this practice, many laws have been and are in the process of being enacted to make profiling illegal. In turn, this makes law enforcement’s job of protecting society from criminals, such as drug dealers, and in light of recent events, terrorists more complicated and near impossible.

Profiling is a well-known and long standing tool used by law enforcement to attempt to identify individuals involved in criminal activity. It is based on profiles or a set of coherent facts that reflect known conditions and observable behaviors associated with criminal activity (Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online). True profiling requires various factors to be considered in order for the technique to be successful. For example, in the 1970s the DEA issued a compilation of identifying characteristics of drug couriers which include nervousness; conflicting information about origin and destination among companion travelers, no luggage for a long trip, lots of cash, and lack of driver’s license or insurance (Mac Donald, Online). Furthermore, race and ethnicity become important identifiers when combined with other ‘suspicious’ characteristics due to past crime rate information. African-Americans commit a disproportionate percentage of the crimes that draw the attention of the police (Goldberg, Online). While blacks comprise about 12% of the national population, they account for about 58% of all carjackers between 1992 and 1996. Many victims of crimes committed by blacks-who are black themselves- indicate through their victim surveys that blacks commit almost 50% of all robberies. About 1.1 percent of the nation’s population is comprised of black males between the ages of 14 and 24 and about 28% of homicides committed nationally are by this group. Based on past data collected regarding drug felonies, blacks and hispanics are the back-bone of the country’s heroin and cocaine distribution networks (Goldberg, Online). As stated by Clayton Searle, president of the International Narcotics Interdiction Association, “Those who purport to be shocked that ethnic groups are overrepresentated in the population arrested for drug courier activities must have been in a coma for the last 20 years. The fact is that certain ethnic groups do control the majority of the drug trade in the United States. They also tend to hire their underlings and couriers others of their same group.”

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From past experience and information, law enforcement has the intelligence that much of the drug trafficking in the Northeast U.S. is conducted by Jamaicans that happen to favor driving Nissan Pathfinders (Callahan, Online). In Denver it has been tracked that mainly “minorities, Mexican nationals” sell heroin and in Trenton, “crack dealers are predominantly African American males and powdered cocaine dealers are predominantly Latino.” (Goldberg, Online). Regarding the events of September 11th, the profiles of terrorists were developed upon various factors including the undeniable fact that all involved in the tragedy were of Arab origin. In summary, it is knowledge, reason, intuition and cold hard facts that law enforcement relies upon when profiling. It is not meant to suggest that all crime is committed by minorities, but instead that there is valid reason to suspect certain races/ethnicities may be engaged in certain types of criminal behavior.

The main reason that profiling by law enforcement is essential is the difficulty of policing ‘victimless’ crimes such as the drug trade and terrorism. In the case of a mugging or murder there is a victim and police are aware of a specific crime that has been committed and are able to accumulate evidence and investigate suspects based on their specific findings. However, the majority of crimes that profiling attempts to indicate the perpetrators of, there is no third party whose rights have been violated and can bring the crime to the attention of the police. When someone is transporting a few kilos of cocaine on I-95 from seller to buyer, there is no one to come forward and complain. Similarly, if there are individuals who have the intention to commit terrorist acts on the United States, before it is too late, there are no victims to bring the crime to the attention of law enforcement. Typically drug dealers and terrorists do not walk around outwardly proclaiming their criminal behaviors. To discover victimless crimes, investigators must become intrusive and simply poke around wherever they can, trying to uncover such crimes and use the information that they do have readily available to their advantage. We cannot have effective law enforcement without allowing for some scope of probability.

Unfortunately, as with many other areas of life in the United States, flagrant racism and prejudice do exist in some cases of policing that has drawn major attention to the topic of profiling from the media, the public and Washington. It can be viewed that there are two types of profiling: first, law enforcement’s use of profiling as a tactic to combat unseen criminal activity through combinations of incriminating factors (i.e. race in concert with other indicators) and secondly racial profiling or the practice of profiling based solely on one characteristic—race or ethnicity which is a result of an officer’s prejudices towards a certain group. Much of the public tends to believe that the majority of police officers’ profiling activity falls within the latter type. A Gallup Poll released in 1999 reveals that over half of participants polled believed that law enforcement officers do engage in racial profiling and approximately 81% of these people strongly disprove of the practice(Goldberg, Online). It has been dubbed by the public as “Driving while Black/Brown” or “Flying while Arab” suggesting the perceived narrow intentions of the technique. Increased attention to this topic and demands for reformation to the alleged injustices to minority communities has enlisted the efforts of lawmakers to eliminate the practice. More than 20 states have adopted legislation prohibiting the practice of racial profiling and/or mandating data collection on stops and searches. Hundreds of individual jurisdictions have voluntarily begun to collect racial profiling data and several jurisdictions are collecting data as a result of federal or state court settlements or consent decrees. In 2001 New York Senators R. Feingold, J. Corzine and H. Clinton had introduced S. 989/H.R. 2074 as the “End Racial Profiling Act of 2001.” This law would, among other things, concretely define racial profiling and make it illegal, give victims the right to sue the violating police departments and mandate & fund the report of collected data of traffic stops to the Attorney General (Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online). In a February 2001 address to Congress, President George W. Bush stated that he had asked Attorney General John Ashcroft “to develop specific recommendations to end racial profiling. It is wrong and we will end it in America.” (Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center, Online).

The subject of racial profiling is another element added to the composition of an already historically adversarial relationship between law enforcement and minority communities. It would be naпve to state that racial biases never arise in some police officer’s decisions. In the same token, it would be ignorant to assume that all police activity stems from flagrant racism that is thought to plague the organization. The overall technique of profiling should not be condemned in response to alleged racially charged actions of some officers. Law enforcement and the American jurisprudence system substantiate that it is an extremely effective and necessary method of attempting to combat crimes that otherwise go unnoticed until an epidemic or a catastrophe occurs. In the past five years profiling has aided in decreasing crime by about 20% (Mac Donald, Online). In the aftermath of the September 11th tragedy, the nation has acquired much intelligence regarding groups that have a great deal of hatred for our nation and wish to cause massive amounts of destruction. It would be an even bigger tragedy if law enforcement had this information and didn’t use it to their advantage in the process of protecting society. Every caution needs to be exercised to ensure that a tragedy of that magnitude never occurs again. Unfortunately, it does mean that innocent bystanders will be subjects of questionings or investigations. However, the public should revel in comfort that their law enforcement departments are taking every measure to ensure the public’s safety and well-being.

In contemporary society, the continuing war against drugs and the war on terrorism require that police utilize non-traditional tactics to combat these criminal activities that don’t play by traditional rules. Common sense dictates that in order to clean up our streets and make our communities a safer place one would have to focus their attention to what has caused the problems in the past. While some may argue that an unfair amount of attention has been paid to particular minority or ethnic groups in regards to certain crimes, I suggest that they research criminal statistics and instead focus their efforts on decreasing the amount of criminal activity committed by members of their community from within and then perhaps profiling factors will no longer link the group to specific crimes. When used justifiably, profiling is an extremely valuable tool that law enforcement has at its disposal simply from analyzing past data. If there is the possibility that police are able to target potential criminals before committing a crime, violating another individuals rights, or creating a national disaster then they should be allowed the opportunity, so long as they treat the potential suspects with respect and allow them to maintain their dignity. Due to a few instances of misapplication of the technique and the public’s lack of knowledge of true profiling, this very important tool of law enforcement has been severely restricted. If law enforcement is trained and able to apply profiling in its intended manner and not implicate personal biases in its application then it should be allowed because it serves to promote and protect the overall well being of the general public and the rights and privileges of American citizens.

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Research Paper on Drunk Driving

Drunk Driving Research Paper

Today many Canadians and legislators are worried about drinking and driving. People who take part in this dangerous behavior are punished by law and looked down upon by society. The Federal government has made much stricter penalties for offences related to drinking and driving. Despite the increase, there were more than 83000 impaired driving charges laid in 2000. All provinces and territories, who control highways, alcohol consumption and the licensing of drivers are continuing to introduce stricter measures to try and decrease the amount of impaired drivers.

Impaired driving has become the main criminal cause of death in Canada. Yet, offenders have received sentences that seem unfair compared to the consequences of their actions. Canadians have urged legislators to increase penalties for this offence. The penalties have increased twice since 1985. Section 253 of the criminal code describes the offence of impaired driving. It states, Everyone commits an offence who operates a motor vehicle or vessel or operates or assists in the operation of an aircraft or of railway equipment or has the care or control of a motor vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment, weather it is in motion or not, (a) while the person’s ability to operate the vehicle, vessel, aircraft or railway equipment is impaired by alcohol or a drug; or having consumed alcohol in such a quantity that the concentration in the persons blood exceeds eighty milligrams of alcohol in one hundred milliliters of blood. In 1995 7,740 intoxicated drivers between the ages of sixteen and twenty were killed in automobile accidents. More than 40 percent of all deaths of teens result from car crashes. About half of these are alcohol related. The number of teenage deaths caused by drinking and driving has decreased since 1989, although automobile crashes continue to be the main cause of death for teens.

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The Criminal Code outlines many procedures to help detect drivers that have been drinking; for example, taking breath samples and doing blood tests. Drivers may also be asked to pass balance and coordination tests anytime after being stopped. When stopped in a roadside spot check, a driver may be asked by the police to undergo a roadside screening test. The officer will demand that the driver breath into an approved testing device. The demand may be made only if the officer has reasonable grounds to suspect the driver has consumed alcohol. Another way for police to test for impaired drivers is through a blood test. This is only done if it is not possible for a person to physically give a breath sample, the officer may demand a blood sample. The sample must be takes within four hours of the alleged offence. An example of this is case involving R. Vs. Thompson (refer to appendix A). The penalties for impaired driving are outlined in appendix B (refer to appendix B). A second offence does not necessarily mean a second charge on the same offence, but simple two motor vehicle offences related to drinking and driving. In R. Vs. Kumar (1993), the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that the penalty for a second offence can be varied of it is found to be cruel and unusual punishment and therefore interferes with section 12 of the Canadian Charter. There are additional penalties that can be determined, depending on the liability of the offender. If the person cause death or bodily harm by criminal negligence, or was charged with manslaughter, dangerous operation of a motor vehicle, fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle, failure to stop at the scene, or impaired driving causing bodily harm or death, he or she may be ordered not to drive after release from prison. These orders may stay in affect for many years.

Over the past years there have been many different ways that people try to deal with drinking and driving. One organization that has started is MADD. MADD (mothers against drunk driving) was founded in 1980 by Candy Lightner after her daughter Cari was killed by a drunk driver. She turned her grief into positive steps in pursuing stricter laws and punishments for drunk drivers. MADD had grown into a nationwide movement that has publicized and promoted the need for change in out drunk-driving laws. It has succeeded in achieving major legislative changes. Some of their achievements have been passage of the National Drinking Age Act, and stiffer fines and jail sentences for driving while intoxicated. There current goals as an organization are: license plate confiscation for repeat offenders, alcohol and drug testing of all drivers involved in motor vehicle accidents that cause death or serious injury, funding of DUI enforcement programs by DUI offenders’ fines, jail sentences that cannot be suspended or commuted to probation, and nationwide restrictions on driving with open alcoholic beverage containers in cars. The members of MADD are committed to making a difference. They fight to put an end to the drunk – driving tragedies that so many families have had to endure.

In conclusion I believe that drinking and driving penalties have come a long way in the past decades. The penalties are stronger and there are more organizations that are fighting against the crime. In the years to come I can see the penalties becoming stricter and the fines more harsh, society will still look down upon those who have committed such a crime and there actions will not be forgotten. Hopefully people will learn the consequences in the future so there are not so many tragic accidents that involve innocent people.

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Extinction and Ecosystem Essay

Essay on Extinction and Ecosystem

Life on the earth has formed an exquisite and fragile balance. But in the last century, human population has exploded. An even more dramatic increase in economic activity has led to mass production, mass consumption, and mass wasting. The ecosystem on the earth has been rapidly destroyed by humans. And we keep destroying it without knowing a risk of our life. From Sixth Extinction, "Now, there are fears we are at the start of another mass die-off, but this one may be triggered by the activities of just one species - us." (Canada & the world backgrounder, 2002, p.10) The sixth extinction has already begun by our hands.

Do you know what the dodo bird is? Dodo was a unique flightless bird which first sighted on Mauritius, an island in the Indian oceans. Around 17 century, Dutch sailors began using the island of Mauritius as a stopover; Within 80 years, the dodo was gone. Basically, why does the dodo can not fly? Here is one background, from International Wild Life, Don Boroughs said,

When the first humans arrived on this 720-square-mile tropical island five centuries ago, none of its native species had ever seen a mammal other than a bat. Here the king of the Jungle was a giant vegetarian tortoise, and there were no large predators of any kind. Evolving over millennia in this safe environment, the island's birds gradually lost their wariness, and several species, including the dodo, also lost the ability to fly. (2001, P. 44)

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For the dodo, flightless is the ability that was degenerated by the environment such as no predators and a desert island. It is an absolute environmental condition that the dodo can leave offspring and survive. The dodo was extinct because the dodo was a welcome source of fresh meat for the sailors. By excessive hunting, large numbers of dodos were killed for food. Moreover, the rats, pigs and monkeys that came with sailors made short work of vulnerable dodo eggs in the ground nests. This is one of example that introduced predator caused an extinction. From Wild Life in Danger, James Fisher introduced predators defined as,

These exist most commonly in areas colonized since 1600, where mammal predators particularly have been introduced (as in the West Indies, Australia, and New Zealand) to keep downЃh the explosive populations of other introduced animals (for instance, rats and rabbits) and have readily turned their predatory attention to the native fauna. (1969, p.12)

Therefore, an ecosystem in Mauritius Island was destroyed by humans.

This is one of examples that human destroyed an ecosystem and drive animals into extinction. However, the extinction of dodo is mainly because humanЃfs excessive hunting and introduced predators. Now, on the earth, the extinction is making rapid progress compared to the one because of exceed hunting and introduced predators. The behavior, with that we do not think of the consequences, causes serious problems, and it is happening all over the world. Extinction means that we are unable to see some specific animals never again. To save animals from extinction, what can we do now?

Humans are driving animals into extinction not on purpose. It means that humans endanger many animals on the earth without knowing it. First cause is an over usage of forest resources. Forest is the most important life-support system on the earth. Many animals live in forests. Forest also store water and create Oxygen. Forest is a lung of the earth. Especially, almost all of animal in the tropics are living in the rain forest. What happens if these forests disappear? The almost all animals would die.

The second cause is an agricultural chemical. In Fact, agricultural is a poison. We use this poison as an insecticide for agricultural products, but we actually eat the poison with the products. A permissible amount will exceed if we continue to eat tainted food. As a result, we, human spread poisons around and gets poisoned us by our hands. Moreover, we pave a road with asphalt and build golf course by cutting forests open. Of course agricultural chemical is used on golf courses. Under these circumstances, moles, earthworms and other living things can not live.

From environmental problems, acid rain creates lakes where creature can not live because of acidity. Disruption of the ozone layer causes extinction of living things such as a frog. And also, it causes skin cancer of human. Moreover, global warming causes disruption of ecosystem on the earth. The species that can not adopt themselves into new environment and can not move to the place where the climate is appropriate will not be able to live.

What are the effects if we continue to destroy and pollute the environment? The living things on the earth support each other, and all creatures have relationships each other. By the destruction of the environment and agricultural chemicals, the animals lose their food such as an insect, and number of animals is decreasing. If the extinction of species continues, there absolutely is an extinction of humans in our future. The behavior that we had on the other living things returns to us as a crisis.

Recently, cloning technology by using DNA is developing so fast. By using the cloning technology, we can regenerate extinct animals such as mammoth and dodo. In my opinion, it is good thing that we are trying to regenerate and maintain animal species on the earth. However, I think relying on the cloning technology will never stop extinction, and we will continuously destroy our ecosystem. Of course, improper use of cloning technology would results in destruction of as ecosystem.

Therefore, to save our ecosystem, we have to think what we can do before counting on new technology. By knowing what causes the destruction of environment, we can realize what to do. For example, do not pollute rivers, seas and lakes. Try not use chemical pollutants such as insecticides. Do not buy fur, an elephant tusk and tortoiseshell that cause excessive hunting. It is very hard to change the structure of our ecosystem, but we are the part of supporters in the ecosystem. If we change the consciousness, the ecosystem will be saved.

All in all, now the destruction of species is in progress, so we have to consider the influence of our usual behavior. The behavior without thinking of the consequence must not be appropriate. There will not be no our future if living things on the earth excessively continue to become extinct. Finally, we, human will not be able to live on the earth due to our behavior.

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Psychosexual Theory of Development Essay

Essay on Freud's Psychosexual Theory of Development

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th 1856 in a small town called Freiberg in Moravia. When he was four or five he and his family moved to Vienna, Austria.

A highly intelligent child, always top of his class he progressed on to medical school where he fell under the tutorlidge of a physiology professor named Ernst Brucke.

After this he went on to study with the eminent psychiatrist, Charcot, in Paris. And then with Charcot’s rival, Bernheim, in Nancy.

Freud was forced to flee Austria after the rise of nazi Germany and fled to England.
During Freud’s education he developed his psychosexual theory of development. This suggested that all people are born unbridled pleasure seekers who develop through the successful transition of five developmental stages.

People, Freud suggested, seek pleasure through the stimulation of a series of erogenous zones. And these erogenous zones, when stimulated in childhood, form the social relations necessary for adulthood. This will become clear as we progress through the individual stages of development.

Freud argued that all that we are as adults is determined in our childhood development, that how we learn to solve problems in childhood is a template for decision making in adulthood.

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According to Freud all humans are powered by psychic and sexual energy he called libido, how this libido is expressed depends on each stage of development. Inherent in each stage there are frustrations. If these frustrations are not successfully resolved in each stage then the libido may become fixated more in that stage than in another. As Freud believed that each of us only has a limited amount of libido to use, more in one stage will lead to deficiency in another stage. Overuse of libido in this way can have one of two consequences.

Fixation. This is when the person has lingering desires for the pleasure associated with the source experienced at that stage.

Reaction formation. This is when the person takes the lingering desire for pleasure from some source and acting in the opposite way.

Freud suggested there were five stages of development and few people successfully completed all of them. He felt most people fixed their libido to one stage of development and this prevented them using this energy at a later stage.

The oral stage. The oral stage starts from birth and goes on to about one year, here the libido is concentrated on the mouth and is characterised by sucking and putting things in the mouth. Frustration may occur due to the person having to wait on and be dependent on another person. Libido fixation in this stage is characterised by excessive use of oral stimulation such as smoking, drinking and overeating.

The anal stage. The anal stage goes from about two years to three years old. This is where people first encounter rules and regulations, as they have to learn the rules regarding potty training. This early brush with rules and regulations dictates how the individual deals with rules and regulations in later life. Here the libido is focussed anally and frustration may occur with having to learn complicated motor and cognitive skills. Here fixation may result in the individual being stingy, stubborn and mean, anally retentive. Or messiness, anally expulsive.

The phallic stage. This stage generally occurs during the ages of four to five. Freud believed that some critical developmental episodes happened during this stage but they are different for boys and girls.

The Oedipus conflict pertains to the development of the boy. Here the boy starts to feel sexual attraction to his mother and views his father as a potential rival for her affections. The boy begins to fear that his father is aware of the feelings he has towards his mother and will punish him for his desires. This punishment, the boy fears, will come in the form of castration. The second part of the phallic stage for the boy is castration anxiety. This is where the anxiety of being hated and punished by the boy’s father leads the boy to give up his sexual feelings towards his mother and chooses to identify with his father. And hopes to have a fulfilling relationship with a woman (not his mother) later on in life.

Girls go through what is known as the Electra conflict. This is where the object of their desires is not the mother but the father. Girls realise they do not have a penis and develop what is known as penis envy. They notice their mother does not have a penis either and so believes that their mother was punished (castrated) as a child and so is not worthy, and becomes attracted to her father, as he does have a penis. As in the Oedipus conflict, the girl believes the mother knows of her desires towards her father, and that the mother hates her for it. Again this anxiety results in the girl renouncing her desires for her father and identifying with her mother instead.

The latency stage. The latency stage occurs from about the age of seven and lasts right through to puberty. This stage occurs after all the conflicts in the phallic stage have been resolved and all feelings that were aroused in that stage are resolved. This is a period where the libido can rest and there are no significant developmental events.

The genital stage. This stage begins at puberty and is involved in the development of the genitals. And the libido starts its function as a sexual tool.

Freud’s psychosexual theory is by no means conclusive, his results are not scientific by any stretch of the imagination, they are basically drawn from Freud’s own perceptions after taking patients recollections, dreams and free associations and drawing conclusions from them. Freud grew up in an age of sexual repression, a time when sex was taboo. This I feel was the driving force behind his theories. Sex was unspoken in these times and I believe Freud was employing the shock factor, more than anything else, to put forward his ideas. None of his studies involved children, all adults describing their childhood, the time factor involved in this method could not possibly give accurate results.

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Statement of Purpose Essay

The Master of Science in Project Management will fast forward the development of my knowledge, performance and personal competencies in order to reach my career goals. It will give me a state of art project management skills and techniques and it will be the jump-start I need to direct my career into Project Management Consulting, an exciting field with enormous growth potential in Latin America.

The first step of my academic career was completed when I received my major of Civil Engineering from the Pontifical Catholic University of Paranс, Brazil, as one of the top 15 students. During the second year of my Bachelor' Degree I decided to have on job training. I began my professional experience as an intern in JAAKKO POYRY GROUP, during this internship I figure out how to interact with the team, the interpersonal behavior that I should have, how leadership is important and how project management is essential to a successfully project completion. Than I engaged myself in a great project, that was already completed, Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant. I reckon that in large projects the schedules have to be done very carefully and the control has to be very efficient. I was really fascinated by Project Management and I started reading a lot about this field and I figure out that the growth potential in Brazil was really good. In this point of my professional career I was hired at Grantec Tщcnica de Construчуo Ltda. My mission was to implement ISO 9001:1994. The company received the Certificate, but the most important think were the "lessons learned" such as the comprehension of the organizational culture, the making decisions process, the ways to identify a problem, the commitment to the company goals, that sometimes I have to be flexible and never give up, be dynamic, patient and persistent. At this moment, I finished my bachelor' degree and started the second step on my academic career enhancing the Executive MBA Lato Sensu graduate course in Project Management in Getњlio Vargas Foundation, known as one of the best schools of Project Management in Brazil because of its comprehensive curriculum, faculty and alumni network. During this course, I consistently ranked the top 10% as a result of my grades, motivation and engagement. While I was attending this course I was challenged with some other projects in Grantec, such as the construction of Multiplex Cinema theaters for international companies, United Cinemas International (UCI) and Cine Box, and for a national company, Severiano Ribeiro Group, the biggest Brazilian cinema operator, and the construction of an electrical sub-plant for PETROBRСS, in the position of Planning and Quality Manager. These projects varied between US$ 500,000.00 to 2,000,000.00, providing me relevant practice into project management as I was involved with technical and personal issues, such as the necessity of having a very effective way of communication between the site and the office, effective coordination of the documentation of the project, leadership and team spirit for keeping the work within the schedule and quality budgeted. Currently, I am the Project Manager of the construction of a Hotel for a group of Brazilian investors. As I am involved in this project since its beginning, I am now really applying some project management tools and techniques.

At this point, taking into consideration both academic and career experience and future plans, I feel that I have to deepen my knowledge in the field of project management to reach my goals. My interest in studying Project Management at The George Washington University is based firstly on the opportunity students have to engage in experiential learning projects and to meet and interact with successful project managers, providing me the opportunity to study some project management best practices and the possibility of bringing these practices to a less developed market in Latin America is appealing to me. Secondly, the school has Professional Associations and Journals, which will certainly keep me up to date, improving my knowledge, as well as giving me a solid background in order to have a research position. In addition, The George Washington University offers several courses on relevant topics for professionals in the project management field. Planning and Scheduling, Project Estimating and Cost Management courses and the Capstone Course are especially interesting for me. Furthermore, this program achieves in both practical and theory sides of project management and it is widely respected and known worldwide. The Project Management Professional Exam I plan to take during the Master's program is of particular interest to me, as this title will certainly contribute to my career.

Brazil goes along with all the other nations in the search of an efficient organizational process. The recent increment in project management knowledge, tolls and techniques implementation in companies and governmental institutions, as well as the implementation of Project Management Office (PMO) have led me to the realization that opportunities for growth in the field of Project Management should not be overlooked. So that, my short-term career plan is to pursue the certificate of the Master of Science in Project Management, as this program will greatly enhance my academic background while allowing me to conduct researches about how project management best practices are used in developed countries, especially in United States. To reach my long-term career plan, my intermediate step includes working in a consulting company or in an institution that utilize project management knowledge, as a project manager. In this position, I will be able to apply some best practices learned during my Master's degree, use new tools and techniques, analyze significant deviations and forecast their impact on the organization and projects in order to establish measures of success, quantify value commensurate with cost, optimize the use of organizational resources and put strategic plans into practice. The Master's degree and this work experience will be fundamental for my long-term career plan. My long-term career plan is to have my own Consulting Company in Project Management. So that I will be able to coach companies and institutions, personalize the best practices for their realities, training and empowering them with efficient methodologies and tools, as well as helping them to develop low cost, easy to implement technical solutions, providing them competitive differentials. In addition to all the opportunities related to project management in Brazil, I also plan to embrace the teaching career. My participation in undergraduate and graduate courses or certificate programs by means of the delivery of tailored courses and lectures will enable me to share my knowledge and increase the project management community in Brazil. Regarding this academic interest, a Doctorate Degree in the field is certainly part of my long-term goals as well.

I would like to conclude my statement by saying that my goals in regard to Project Management are well defined. They will ultimately lead me to a research field. My choice of taking a Master's of Science in Project Management, has also been made bearing in mind the opportunities I may have in the development of PMI Handbooks, as well as my participation in Professional Development Seminars and PMI Global Congress presenting my researches and publications. In my country, I intend to stimulate the interest in project management by forming associations with institutions that can promote seminars and congresses, and particularly offer specialized courses in the field.

Finally, I am available for an interview, at your convenience.

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Thesis on Internet Banking

Internet banking is the new method of banking using the new technologies available in the world today. Instead of needing to travel into a local branch of your bank, the Internet allows you to do a wide variety of useful things with your accounts. It can be accessed from anywhere that there is a computer with the Internet, and of course unlike bank branches the net is open 24 hours a day 7 days a week.

The services available online vary from bank to bank. Most of the general services are on all banking websites but the larger banks contain more control over your money. Here are some of the things that are possible –

• View your account balances
• Pay your bills (With the help of programs like ‘B-Pay’
• View records of transactions
• Transfer money to linked accounts with the same bank
• Transfer money to specially selected unlinked accounts
• Order printed payment reviews
• Pay for shares
• Check interest in your accounts
• Send money overseas
• Change your details
• Open new accounts
• Receive advice on handling funds

These are not all of the services available because each bank is different and in the competitive nature of banks they are always offering new features to attract investors. These features are open to both individuals and businesses (businesses have a few more options).

Everything has upsides and downsides and unfortunately so does online banking. First of all obviously it does not deposit physical money nor does it withdraw bank notes, which means you will still have to make a trip to the bank to do those things.
The fact that online banking is done over the Internet means that safety and security is a big issue.

Only 28 percent of Australian websites surveyed by Australia’s consumer watchdog had some kind of privacy policy. A further 72 percent would not say whether they would disclose private information to other companies – many people are receiving advertisements from companies that they had not done business with or even heard of before both through mail and electronically, for example through email. It is very possible to have your information stolen while it is being passed across the World Wide Web due to the latest surges in technology, sometimes even PIN numbers and user names are possible. In the near future, it is predicted that businesses will know who you are, where and how much money you have to spend etc.

Every time you use electronic devices like credit cards, mobile phones, the Internet, even signing up for a competition your details are being recorded. A new science called biometrics will be able to identify people with retinal scans, fingerprints, voice or DNA samples. While being secure it will not be too anonymous – which is why there are fears of moving into an Internet/electronic age of banking.

On the other hand there are the obvious reasons why net banking is becoming popular and banks are becoming more and more online-aware – It is so much easier being able to access accounts from literally anywhere in the world at anytime than finding a bank branch and visiting it during normal business hours. The whole process also gets done much quicker than by physically talking to a teller and waiting for them to process the service.

All of the things that can be done by a teller can be done on the website of your bank and there is plenty of help and tutorials to help, and so far the services are listed in the first question but there will be many advancements in the new technology when more banks begin to cross to electronic methods and start to compete for online customers.

In order to first begin to use a net banking service from your local bank, you must first have access (preferably regular access) to a computer with access to the Internet. When you go online direct your browser to the website of your bank (you should check with your bank what the website is).

Most banks will have a large link to net banking or otherwise use the search option to find it. There is a short process involved to receive a user name and password for online banking – follow the onscreen instructions, it usually involves a phone call and 3 working days to mail online details to you.

Once you have logged on into your bank’s main account area there will be several options available to you – an outline of these were covered near the start of the document. These options will come under different headings as links, simply click on them to take you to the list of features available.

As an example, BankWest (at www.bankwest.com.au) has four options at the top of the screen – daily banking, where you can select accounts with the bank, bill payments where you can pay your bills with funds in your accounts, service center containing lots of options regarding your accounts (like printouts, statements, details, orders e.g. new cheque books) and my profile where you can change your personal details.

Despite doing your banking over the Internet being somewhat of a security issue it is obviously much easier and faster than talking to tellers and your local and branches. It is using new and advanced technology, which is fast evolving meaning that this method of banking will accelerate much faster in the coming years.

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